Dickens’ and Bronte’s Definition of Class Essay

Individuals of the lower classes in Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist and Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre have no chance to get of accomplishing higher status except if they go over a supernatural occurrence, for example, accepting a formerly obscure legacy. This is appeared in both the books of Jane Eyre and Oliver Twist. Both of the principle characters experience childhood in comparative circumstances; they are the two vagrants and as a result of that reality they are dealt with like they were crooks from birth. In spite of the fact that Jane is in an ideal situation than Oliver in the spots that she lives, the two of them experience a portion of similar feelings all through the books. Both Dickens and Bronte lived in a similar timeframe and their books were distributed inside ten years of one another. In their books they show the England they saw as one that is excessively fixated on class. Neither of the creators concurred with this fixation and scrutinized it in their own specific manners. Dickens demonstrated this by utilizing wry comments while depicting the rich, and (just as Bronte) portrayed practically the entirety of the high society as being improper somehow. They put the point over that on the grounds that an individual is brought into the world poor doesn’t make them any less insightful, neighborly, or ethically unfit. In the novel of Oliver Twist, Dickens portrays that destitute individuals are similarly as keen and great as the rich, it’s the way the rich treat them that powers the poor to take. All through the novel he sets instances of how savvy and great Oliver Twist is dealt with like a creature since he is a vagrant. One of numerous instances of this is Mrs. Sowerberry’s response when her better half gets Oliver to approach help with the endeavor business and to live with them. She discusses Oliver just as he is a creature, â€Å"I see no sparing in ward youngsters, not I; for they generally cost more to keep than they are worth.† (p30) This subject is comparable in Jane Eyre. Bronte shows that vagrants, except if they have cash, are seen as the most reduced class of a house hold. Jane experiences this all through her adolescence, it was first drawn out into the open by Mrs. Reed who says, â€Å"†¦you are not exactly a hireling, for you don't do anything for your keep.† (p69) Like Oliver, Jane never really merit such a cruel characterization, aside from being conceived. The two of them attempt their best to keep the guidelines and to be acceptable individuals. Destitute individuals essentially have two decisions to live in nineteenth century England as appeared in Oliver Twist they could live in the city by asking and additionally taking, inevitably being executed into prison or on account of the counter asking laws and brutal punishments for taking. The other decision poor people have is to work in the workhouses for no cash, scant food, and poor treatment. High society England made these workhouses to better the lower class by instructing them to be unassuming, have control and great ethics. Unexpectedly the workhouses made only something very similar they proposed to dispose of, lawbreakers. The food was scant to such an extent that it constrained them to take and battle, and the treatment of the youngsters were so terrible it made them distanced from ordinary society. Bronte portrays a similar demeanor of the privileged while Jane is at Lowood, however it isn't as outrageous as the workhouses Dickens discusses. The young ladies of Lowood were all vagrants and as a result of that they clearly must be remedied for they were normally going to transform into terrible individuals. So Mr. Brockelhurst believed that great ethics originate from no food, modesty, absence of necessities and steady mortification. This created a â€Å"every man for themselves† society among the young ladies when the personnel was no more. The more seasoned young ladies got the chance to be the nearest to the fire when it was cold, and at whatever point they got an opportunity they would take food from the more youthful, more fragile young ladies. â€Å"From this inadequacy of sustenance came about a maltreatment, which squeezed barely on the more youthful understudies: at whatever point the starving incredible young ladies had a chance, they would persuade or threat the little ones out of their portion.† (JE BV p122) If things had not improved in that school Jane may have become a totally different indivi dual than she ended up being. In spite of the fact that both Jane and Oliver should be improper and no decent vagrants in nineteenth century England’s eyes, they have the most elevated arrangement of ethics than some other individual in their accounts. Oliver never needs to take from anyone and never stirs up some dust except if his family is concerned. Despite the fact that the entirety of the individuals he spent time with were criminals he just couldn’t do it, taking alarmed him and he needed no part in it. Jane won't wed Rochester since she trusts it to not be right to stoop herself down to a special lady. She likewise thinks it isn't right to wed for cash and not love. Jane shows thisâ by turning down St James despite the fact that he has a high remaining in the public eye, she feels he is a mischievous man and would not be cheerful if she somehow happened to wed such a man. The improper individuals in the two books, are simply the privileged who accept to be superior to the principle characters. Mr. Blunder, for instance, weds Mrs. Corney due to her riches and nothing to do with her as an individual. At the point when he came to play with her he checked around her loft for costly things that would recognize her as affluent. â€Å"He opened the storage room, checked the tea-spoons, gauged the sugar-tongs, firmly examined a silver milk-pot to determine that it was of the real metal†¦and spreading himself before the fire with his back towards it, was by all accounts intellectually occupied with taking a precise stock of the furniture† (p185) To make the circumstance much progressively amusing, Mrs. Corney is just rich since she took the cash for the poor people’s food and apparel and saved it for herself. She kids about how the felines have a superior life than those of the individuals she takes care of. Before the finish of the story the couple is portrayed as hopeless. In the novel of Jane Eyre, Mr. Brockelhurst should be a strict and good man, yet he denies the offspring of food and apparel to profit his own pocket. He is a wolf in sheep's clothing likewise for instance, he advises a young lady with wavy hair to get it trim off, when his own girl has a similar sort of wavy hair. His disposition and the mentalities of other center high society individuals are no different of that time. They feel that they have the right to have the wavy hair and the additional cash to the detriment of poor people, since they are truly and supernaturally superior to them. In spite of the fact that the entirety of this treachery is occurring to poor people, they have no real way to retaliate. They don’t even have rights in town halls. At the point when Oliver is brought to preliminary for pick stashing, the appointed authority, Mr. Tooth, sentences Oliver despite the fact that there is no hard proof and a declaration saying he is blameless. Oliver can not talk in his own safeguard, somewhat on the grounds that he is so worn out and hungry and party on the grounds that the justice wouldn’t allow him to. On the off chance that the accountant had not requested to talk in Oliver’s guard, Oliver would have without a doubt kicked the bucket. When Jane was living with her auntie she had no state at all in what was finished with her. She could be beat by John Reed and tormentedâ by her auntie Reed and she would needed to take it. Marriage and class is a subject that both Bronte and Dickens discuss. The two of them accept that the English custom of wedding for cash and status were ridiculous and that wedding for adoration was the genuine method to happieness. This is displayed in numerous models in Oliver Twist. For one, Oliver is resulting from genuine romance and he ends up being a decent kid and consistently settles on moral choices. Oliver’s relative, Monks was conceived of a fixed, cold, budgetary marriage, and he ended up being underhanded and evil his entire life. Dickens likewise depicts the affection among Rose and Harry. The individuals of England were so basic on who one wedded, that Rose didn’t need to wed Harry on the grounds that she felt that individuals would imagine that she laid down with him before marriage just to get his cash and that Harry would be disregarded by his friends for wedding her. At the point when they at long last married, they were extremely content with one another. Instead of Bumble’s marriage which ended up being hopeless for him and his better half. Jane winds up wedding Rochester out of adoration as opposed to St James for cash and status. In any case, she was progressively agreeable in wedding him when that she got her cash since she felt like an equivalent to him, instead of a hireling. Dickens and Bronte address similar subjects all through their books and have a great deal of a similar view focuses. The time that they composed was one of extraordinary negligibility and pitilessness. It is sheltered to state that the two creators composed for unexpected reasons in comparison to simply to engage. Focuses were made about the silliness of marriage, of being â€Å"born† into divine upper or lower class, and of shocking ways people rewarded each other on the grounds that they thought they were better. The two books had the couple of good individuals that assisted Oliver and Jane with the goal that they could get by in deep rooted enough to get their tragically deceased legacy. These books show that destitute individuals are equivalent to the rich ones in knowledge, virtues, and amenability. They additionally made obvious that the manner in which society was running in those days was harming an excessive number of good individuals of England.

Energy Efficient Housing Essay -- essays research papers

Vitality Efficient Building      Windows  â â â â      Energy effective windows have different layers of glass. The explanation behind this is on the grounds that the more layers of glass you have the better it protects the house. Three or four layers of glass are extraordinary compared to other on the grounds that you have more airspace in the middle of layers.  â â â â  â â â â      A littler airspace doesn't protect the structure just as a thicker airspace would. The thickest an airspace ought to be is 1 inch in light of the fact that any thicker than that will make the glass of the window no longer protect the structure.      The air in the middle of the layers of glass ought to be thick and thick, with the goal that it can spare vitality. One of the most well-known show utilized in the middle of glass is argon. At the point when argon is utilized warmth misfortune is diminished. You could likewise utilize carbon dioxide or sulfur hexa-fluoride between glass.      Another sort of window that is utilized regularly to keep the home cool is tinted glass. Tinted glass and tinted window films are utilized on structures to lessen heat increase through windows. Headways in tinted glass have now permitted us to cause the glass to show up similarly as a normal window that you can see through. The tinted glass arrangement is likewise utilized in numerous vehicles and private spaces for security and to keep them cool in the mid year to save money on vitality costs.      When picking an appropriate kind of window outline, fiber glass is the main decision. Fiberglass is the most grounded material to use for the activity and it likewise includes a littler measure of support contrasted with vinyl or wood.      Glazes on windows are one of the most up to date strategies for vitality productive windows. Coating is a method of changed the glass with the goal that the light reflects off the window or retains the light and carries it into the structure. Photograph chromic is the best item for coating, as it very well may be exchanged with the goal that it both mirrors the light and assimilates it. Photograph chromic is an item called a switchable coating. All switchable coating items are valuable for diminishing cooling loads and for limiting the sparkle off the sun from coming in the house. It would be most valuable is Saskatchewan since it carries heat into the house for the winter, ... ...additionally spare vitality by utilizing movement editing for entryways and sinks. The lounge areas and anterooms ought to have diminish capable light switches. Another approach to spare a ton of vitality is to do an ace switch at the front entryway that turns off all lights. That way you never leave a light on when you aren't at home. You should utilize petroleum gas cook tops and stoves to eliminate power.  â â â â      Wind Turbines      Wind turbines can be exceptionally helpful in bringing vitality into your home. They are particularly valuable when sun powered boards aren't working. They take the breeze speed from seas, lakes, burrows, or waterways and transform it into vitality. To utilize the breeze turbines most effectively you should set up a breeze power framework.  â â â â      Energy Efficient Motors      Energy productive engines utilize more copper and iron than customary engines. They likewise devour less vitality than ordinary engines.  â â â â  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â

Funny Family Memoirs A Reading List

Funny Family Memoirs A Reading List This round of Riot Recommendation is sponsored by  Biographile. Love true stories about fascinating people? So do the folks at  Biographile, a website dedicated to helping readers discover a rich mix of real lives through author interviews, news updates, reviews, essays, contests, and more. One of their latest QAs is an  exclusive interview  with the hilarious comedian and actor Jim Gaffigan, whose  explosively funny memoir  recounting the joys and horrors of raising five kids (in a two-bedroom apartment) is just out from Crown. _________________________ We asked Riot readers to share their favorite side-splitting family memoirs. Who knew there were so many people writing about their freakishly funny families? Take a look: Sharp Knives, Boiling Oil; My Year of Dangerous Cooking with 4 Year Olds  by Kim Foster One Birds Choice by Iain Reid My Family and other Animals by Gerald Durrell Oh the Glory of it All  by Sean Wilsey Angelas Ashes  by Frank McCourt Lets Pretend This Never Happened  by Jenny Lawson Sh*t My Dad Says by Justin Halpern The $64 Tomato: How One Man Nearly Lost His Sanity, Spent a Fortune, and Endured an Existential Crisis in the Quest for the Perfect Garden  by William Alexander Bitter is the New Black: Confessions of a Condescending, Egomaniacal, Self-Centered Smartass, Or, Why You Should Never Carry A Prada Bag to the Unemployment Office by Jen Lancaster Naked  and  Me Talk Pretty Some Day  by David Sedaris This is Where I Leave You  by Jonathan Tropper Black Swan Green by David Mitchell The Bucolic Plague: How Two Manhattanites Became Gentlemen Farmers: An Unconventional Memoir  by Josh Kilmer-Purcell Funny in Farsi: A Memoir of Growing Up Iranian in America  by  Firoozeh Dumas Bossypants by Tina Fey The Life and Times of the Thunderbolt Kid  by Bill Bryson Wishful Drinking  by Carrie Fisher Manhood for Amateurs: The Pleasures and Regrets of a Husband, Father, and Son  by Michael Chabon Fun Home: A Family Tragicomic  by Alison Bechdel My Mother Was Nuts by Penny Marshall ____________________ Sign up for our newsletter to have the best of Book Riot delivered straight to your inbox every two weeks. No spam. We promise. To keep up with Book Riot on a daily basis, follow us on Twitter or like us on Facebook. So much bookish goodnessall day, every day.

Energy Is An Important Part Of Human Evolution - 998 Words

Energy has been an important part of human evolution. Ever since human began development, energy was a major factor. We need energy for everything we do. Heat is one of many types of energy, and it is a very important type of energy. We use heat to warm our shelter, drive cars. Heat transfer is one of the most obvious processes in the nature. It occurs at all the places such as machine, biological creatures, etc†¦ In engineering this heat transfer is a key part of understanding heat energy. The study of heat behaviour and harnessing heat energy is called thermodynamics. Thermodynamics is used for many areas such as nuclear power plant, car engines, etc†¦ This essay will cover topics such as, what is energy, and what makes it useful? , what is thermodynamics, success rate for harnessing and manipulating energy and how energy is vital to us all and how we use it. Firstly, energy is a power produced from physical or chemical resources, such as heat provided to work the machines. It defines the capacity for doing the work, generating heat, etc†¦ There are many types of energies such as mechanical, electrical, thermal, nuclear, etc†¦ This essay will cover thermal energy. Thermal energy is the random motion of particles in the substance. An example of this situation would be warming a cup of water, where water particles gets in random motion when heated. The uses of thermal energy are very broad. Thermal energy is used in simple tasks such as a coffee maker, to a solar plant. It isShow MoreRelatedEvolution Drives The Diversity And Unity Of Life1674 Words   |  7 Pages Big Idea 1- The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life Natural selection is evolutions driving mechanism. Evolution is â€Å"the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from early forms during the history of the earth.† Darwin s theory states that inheritable variations exist within individuals in a population. This big idea has impacted human life and evolution in many ways. With natural selection as its major mechanismRead MoreIt’S Said That The Universe Will Tend To Move Toward A1256 Words   |  6 Pages It’s said that the universe will tend to move toward a state with a higher entropy. Every gas molecules will spontaneously diffuse to fill a container which will increase the overall entropy of the universe. Evolution is then can be thought to follow this same basic principle. Nature has given every species living in it an indefinite amount of time which allows them to evolve. Ergo, for over three billion years, some of the single cell organisms had been successfully evolving into the numerousRead More The Relationship Between Culture and Technology Essay1418 Words   |  6 PagesAs Paul Ehrlich explains, there are technological evolutions and associated cultural evolutions, and they do not necessarily occur concurrently. Ehrlich [believes] that, in our modern era, technology is evolving faster than culture, and a major cultural evolution needs to occur to be able to deal with modern technology properly. (NPR, Ehrlich) Throughout history, though, there have also been cultura l evolutions that lead to the creation and evolution of technology; hence, the cycle. History oftenRead MoreWhy Evolution Is True?1079 Words   |  5 PagesWhy is Evolution True Essay - Final Over the past few centuries, humans have been questioning and debating over what makes evolution true. In Jerry Coyne’s work, Why Evolution is True, he noted two kinds of evidence from Darwin’s theory of evolution. The first evidence includes the six testable predictions of evolution: evolution, gradualism, speciation, common-ancestry, natural selection, and nonselective mechanisms of evolutionary change. The second evidence that Coyne noted in his work is theRead MoreTechnology And The Growth And Expansion Of The Population And Society Essay1508 Words   |  7 Pageshave led to the development of different technologies. These technologies, have helped with the evolution of civilizations and have equipped people with a variety of tools to address problems that, until then, had no solution with the means available at that time. Since man appeared on earth there is technology. Technology is considered as a set of knowledge and applied techniques, which are used by human beings to try to transform the world, with the purpose of best suiting their needs. TechnologyRead MoreIs There Life On Earth?1068 Words   |  5 Pagesthat characterize life based on our current understandings are metabolism, reproduction, and evolution. These characteristics are important in distinguishing between inorganic matter that is not alive and life. Metabolism is the collection of process that converts materials into energy. Living things also have the ability to reproduce themselves in sexual pair or individually. Life also undergoes evolution. Simpler forms precede forms of greater organization. Based on these classifications, thereRead MoreElastic Energy Storage in the Shoulder and the Evolution of High Speed Throuwing in Homo863 Words   |  3 PagesVenkadesan Madhusdhan, Michael Rainbow, and Daniel Lieberman. Elastic energy storage in the shoulder and the evolution of high-speed throwing in Homo. Nature. 498.June 27 (2013): 483-487. Print. Neil Roach, Madhusudhan Venkadesan, and Michael Rainbow and Daniel E. Lieberman wrote the article, Elastic Energy Storage in the Shoulder and the Evolution of High-speed Throwing in Homo. The researchers said that the first humans had to be able to throw weapons in order to capture animals for food, andRead MoreThe Effect Of Photosynthesis On The Environment Of Photosynthesis1106 Words   |  5 Pages(blue green algae) evolved oxygen first time in evolution as they show oxygenic photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction and it consists of a series of complex reactions. This reaction during photosynthesis is grouped into two stages called Light reaction and Dark reaction. This stage occurs during the day or in the presence of sunlight. The light energy or solar energy is captured by the chlorophyll and electrons are excited. The energy so trapped is used to split water into hydrogenRead MoreEnergy Is The Material Basis For Human Survival1446 Words   |  6 PagesEnergy is the material basis for human survival. The issue of energy is a common concern to all countries in the world because energy is the driving force of economic development, and is also a key factor in determining the quality of life. At the same time, the ownership of energy not only affects the world s political situation but also changes the world peace and tranquility. Energy is closely bound up with humans’ daily life. The presence of energy meets the demands of people basic necessitiesRead MoreRunning Is the Purest Form of Exercise1446 Words   |  6 PagesRunning is the purest form of exercise. Its simplicity requires minimal equipment or experience, as the running motio n is an innate movement for the human body. More specifically ultra running is beyond the marathon distance of 26.2 miles and incorporates distances of 50, 100, and 200-mile races. While it takes any novice athlete to take part in the simple act of running a few advanced individuals turn running into an art form and expand their expertise to endurance running as seen in ultra marathon

A Short Note On Constructivism And International Institutions

Constructivism and International Institutions As technology leapt forward, facilitating and promoting the rapid spread of both goods and ideas throughout the world, the twentieth century saw the beginnings of true globalization and with it the birth of many international institutions. From organizations and documented agreements to global norms for state interaction, these institutions have changed the face of global politics and drawn analysis from all over the theoretical spectrum. Liberal theorists tend to hail international institutions as paving the way towards a lasting international peace, while realists attest that they are irrelevant, incapable of affecting hegemony-oriented state behavior. However, neither liberalism nor realism can fully account for the effectiveness or lack thereof of international institutions. Rather, focusing primarily on transnational activist networks and their efforts in Argentina in the 1970s, I argue from a constructivist perspective that by causing and encouraging states to interact more and more publically, international institutions create norms of state behavior that promote peace and human rights throughout the world. In liberal theories, international institutions play important and often successful roles in promoting peace through state-to-state interaction. As realist scholar Mearsheimer wrote in 1994, liberals â€Å"argue that institutions can change a state’s calculations about how to maximize gains† by establishing rules that alterShow MoreRelatedHuman Rights And International Law1961 Words   |  8 Pages Human rights and international law are part of the global society. However, that was not the case in nineteen forty-five, these norms were to start to have to mean in the global society. In the last seventy years, has seen the development of trans-national movements for human rights and the building of international law. For international relations theories of realism, liberalism, and constructivism take different approaches to the development and continuation of these norms. Of the three theoriesRead More Digital Diversity Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesDigital Diversity Does the international scope of the Internet entail an end to the cultural and historical diversity of style in composition? In the past several decades, technology has led to a giant connected network of computers. This new Internet (and mainly the World Wide Web) has become a new communication and information exchange tool. All data that used to be transmitted by voice, paper, radio, television, or other mass media device can now be done so digitally, and these messagesRead MoreHow Effective Can International Law Be As A Regulator Of State Conduct?2547 Words   |  11 Pages How Effective can International Law be as a Regulator of State Conduct? Introduction When sovereign states fail to comply with international law (IL), it can be stated bluntly that supranational legal organizations are systematically incapable of responding with coercive or punitive measures. If the efficacy of IL is unabashedly defined in strict terms of coercive and punitive power, it is unsurprising that it falls short as an effective regulatory mechanism of state conduct. Instead, a better measureRead MoreThe Defining Characteristics of High Performance Workplaces2357 Words   |  9 Pagesp. 282). Beyond the numerous factors that make it necessary to identify appropriate skills that are needed to develop high performance workplaces, there are a number of reasons why this identification is complicated. For instance, Lesh and Doerr note that, Doing so requires linking fundamental changes in the economy to evolving workplace needs and practices, specifically with regard to skills needed for individuals and organizations to succeed. It also requires concurrently linking economic changesRead MoreEffectiveness the Implementation of Peace and Order Ordinance at Barangayn7685 Words   |  31 Pages(pakikipagkwentuhan). This inquiry notes that good governance of BPU can be affected by the lack of capabilities of officials; indecisiveness during assumption of duties as officers†in†charge. influence of their siblings and family relatives; and sensitivity of the issues and concerns being addressed. The academics proposed that programs and projects (PP) on capacity building of BPU officials must be accomplished vigorously in collaboration with the various higher education institutions (HEIs) and groups/organizationsRead MoreThe Importance of Considering Philosophical and Psychological Foundations in Developing a Curriculum.9983 Words   |  40 Pageslearning experiences   and evaluation. ------------------------------------------------- So, there are four psychological perspectives or schools of thought that have had an impact on curriculum; classified as behaviourism, cognitivism, humanism, and constructivism. Behaviourial Perspective Examines current theories of psychology, including the view that psychology is undergoing a paradigm shift and that the paradigm due for suppression can be identified with behaviorism†. (Berlyne, D. E., 1975) The behaviouristRead MoreThe Impact Of Managerial Styles On Organizational Effectiveness9615 Words   |  39 PagesRevised Expectancy Model. 1.4. An analysis of theories relating to work relationships and interaction †¢ Social Constructivism Theory Social Constructivism gives importance on the evidences that are created through the group’s social interactions. It is focused on the important influence of social contexts in the advancement of knowledge. According to Vygotsky’s Social Constructivism Theory, knowledge construction is both a social and cognitive process. Knowledge and meanings are constructed intoRead MoreComparative Education13537 Words   |  55 Pagesin this context, in 1985, that technology education was introduced in France as a part of science and technology education in elementary schools, as a new subject for all pupils in middle schools and as an optional subject in high schools. We can note four stages of organization of technology education between 1985 and today. 1.1.2 1985-1991: the implementation of the first curriculum Technology education was conceived of as a new subject and took the place of MTE (manual and technical education)Read MoreBackground Inditex, One of the Worlds Largest Fashion Distributors, Has Eight Major Sales Formats - Zara, Pull and Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho, Zara Home Y Kiddys Class- with 3.147 Stores in 70100262 Words   |  402 PagesCase studies from the textile sector Doctoral dissertation the international institute for industrial environmental economics Lund University, Sweden  IIIEE DISSERTATIONS 2009:2  Responsibility in the Supply Chain Interorganisational management of environmental and social aspects in the supply chain Case studies from the textile sector Beatrice KOGG Doctoral Dissertation May 2009 The International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics  InternationellaRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesmanagement accounting field. Michael has also contributed in a number of different institutional arenas: the academic, of course, but also those of the profession and the wider public sphere. Ever helpful to regulators, the senior civil service, and international agencies, Michael Bromwich is respected for the ways in which he can combine conceptual understandings with pragmatic insights. He has been sought out to provide that extra element of conceptual clarity for the most complex of practical accounting

Top Writing of Research Paper Reviews!

Top Writing of Research Paper Reviews! Writing of Research Paper Help! You might also state which type of approach it is you'll use in your paper for the whole discussion of your topic. Observing the introduction the points necessary to show the thesis are provided. You should make sure the study which you will create will properly present the research questions which will be answered through the aid of the items which you will provide within the whole document. Identify an issue or a discussion that you need to research on. Writing of Research Paper for Dummies The results part of your report ought to be neutral and you ought to avoid discussing your results or the way they differed from or compared with what was expected. You can also see chapter outline. You're able to include as many details as you desire. If you've ever done a research before, then you know it's hard to find the best results if you don't use an outline. Writing of Research Paper - the Conspiracy Nob ody will argue that It's quite challenging to compose an academic paper if there's no structure for it. Outlining the sections right at the start of writing research paper can help you to keep an appropriate structure for the whole write up. You should begin with the thesis of the paper, and therefore do not begin using subheadings. As a variant, you can make a list of feasible outline headings, and then, in the procedure for writing or even at the very last stages, you could select the most suitable alternatives. It's also logical to compose a more thorough outline for yourself even in the event the requirements are different. To begin, you are going to want a great topic and a strong focus to be able to receive your paper outline rolling. Additionally, among the critical purposes of an outline is to clearly convey the link between the thesis and every one of the topic sentences. With a fantastic outline, getting your answers ought to be quite effortless. Keep in mind tha t the chief goal of the research paper is to clearly show your abilities to work on your own and demonstrate the scope of your knowledge on several topics. A research paper outline, though, will additionally have a hypothesis or thesis as a portion of the introduction. Excellent research paper's examples almost always concentrate on novel suggestions to address which will be of value in the area. The total style and tone of your research paper are contingent on the audience it is directed at. Lies You've Been Told About Writing of Research Paper The paper needs to be consistent from the start to the very end. In any case, the frame written in a proper way will present your understanding of common rules. It's true that you could just begin writing, but even in case you get to the word or page requirement, your paper would probably lack any type of logical flow. Sooner or later, you are going to find that all of the research paper examples will allow you to start and get you m oving in the proper direction for you to reach the most effective possible mark you are able to. As the title of the writing implies you have to conduct the research in the certain region of knowledge. After reading the thesis, there ought to be no doubt precisely what the research will be about. In the event you need assistance with research paper outline or some help with academic writing, don't hesitate to use our expert services. Anyone who's reading your example of a research paper will want in order to replicate your study effortlessly. The Truth About Writing of Research Paper A well-made outline is crucial in locating considerable info and keeping track of large quantities of information from a research paper. The abstract is the most important portion of the report because anybody browsing for your research on a database or within a journal will often read no more than the abstract. Explain briefly the important points you want to cover in your paper and why reader s ought to be interested in your topic. After you've already decided what topic you're going to be writing about, the following thing you need to pay attention to is the reach of your paper or what you'll be including in your discussion. If you intend to write for a particular journal, a superb advice is to look at the research paper outline of a number of the articles to have a better idea on how best to compose your article. Your primary theme and the chosen literature needs to be adjacent. Maximizing your research outline's purpose will be able to help you compose a comprehensive paper. Let's consider the components of your research program and the way to compose a structured outline that will permit you to begin a research paper as speedily and effectively as possible. Research Paper isn't a task for a single day. Research papers are crucial for a student who would like to pursue increased degree of study. Point out the principal thesis you're covering and add different details into subheadings. You might also see biography outline. A superb outline is easily the most crucial step in writing an excellent paper. To utilize APA paper outline or a different style, you should read many samples of such documents. It is preferable to use complete sentence outline structure, in the event your paper ought to be formatted in MLA. Completing an MLA outline will guarantee your research paper format is accurate. By studying various outline samples, you're guaranteed to come up with the ideal research paper outline in virtually no time. Writing of Research Paper Ideas If you own a lot of relevant photographs of sample websites and methods then they belong here. The best way is downloading a research paper outline template to produce the outline.

Power of Context Essay free essay sample

The power of context, written by Malcolm Gladwell, discuss’ many different social change theories such as the â€Å"Broken Windows Theory†, â€Å"Tipping Points† and the â€Å"Power of Context theory†. All of these theories were researched and studies performed to prove that we are influenced by the features of our immediate social and physical world, these shaping who we are and how we act. These theories have been seen in every part of town, Graffiti painted buildings and broken windows in vacant houses. Where there are news paper articles written about the few that have taken the initiative to turn their neighborhood around. Where neighbors rally to paint over graffiti, fix broken windows, make a park where once was a gang hangout. Where as sad as it may seem, most of the children fit into the description of the four youths who attempted to mug Goetz December 22 ,1984. Where Goetz was dubbed the â€Å"Subway Vigilante† after fighting back against he would be muggers, shooting them in the subway and later being acquitted on charges of assault and attempted murder. We will write a custom essay sample on Power of Context Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Goetz’ case has become a symbol of a particular, dark moment in New York City history, the moment when the city’s crime problem reached epidemic proportions or the â€Å"Tipping Point†. The â€Å"Tipping Point† where in epidemiology the â€Å"tipping point† is the moment when a virus reaches critical mass. Gladwell links these would have been muggers and the shooting to another theory, one that would change the atmosphere and quite possibly the culture of the neighborhood the thugs came from. The â€Å"Broken Window Theory† was the brainchild of the criminalogistics James Q Wilson and George Kelling. Wilson and Kelling argued that â€Å"crime is the inevitable result of disorder. If a window is broken and left unrepaired, people walking by will conclude that no one cares and no one is in charge. Soon, more windows will be broken, and the sense of anarchy will spread from the building to the street on which it faces, sending a signal that anything goes. In a city, relatively minor problems like graffiti, public disorder, and aggressive panhandling, they write, are all the equivalent of broken windows, invitations to more serious crimes.† (Gladwell, 237) The â€Å"Power of Context† theory that Gladwell writes about and the â€Å"Broken Windows Theory† are one and the same We have all heard the saying, â€Å"You are what you eat†. The same would be true in you are what you surround yourself with. I feel that the â€Å"Power of Context† is true in the context that if you live in a home you are proud of, you will be more confident in your self worth. If you surround yourself with people more intelligent than yourself, you will increase your mental aptitude. Those that set goals and stick to them seem to achieve more than those who never set goals. I feel that Gladwell did a great job in personifying the theories and arguing their relevance. Works Cited Gladwell, Malcolm. Gladwell, Malcolm. The Power of Context. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt and Publishing Company, 2009. View as multi-pages

Macbeth And Oedipus Rex Essays - English-language Films, Literature

Macbeth And Oedipus Rex Macbeth and Oedipus Rex Analysis Oedipus Rex and Macbeth are both tragic plays. They have many similarities and differences. Some of them are in the role of fate, the characters, and the setting and the mood. The role of fate plays a major role in both Oedipus Rex and Macbeth. Without the prophecies their would be no story. In Macbeth, Macbeth was prophecies to become king. In Oedipus Rex, Oedipus was prophecies to kill his mother and marry his mother. In both plays the prophecies come true. Both Macbeth and Oedipus rise to greatness only to fall back down. The characters also played an important part. The witches in Macbeth and the oracle in Oedipus Rex are some of the most important characters. They are the ones who predicted the unfortunate futures of the lead men. The main characters, Macbeth and Oedipus, are the most important characters. Both are dynamic characters who change throughout the play. They are also tragic heroes. Macbeth is set in Scotland in medieval times during a chaotic state of affairs. The mood is dark, brooding, and evil. It is developed by the witches and Macbeth's sick mind. Oedipus Rex is set in Thebes during a deadly plague. The mood of the play from beginning to the end is of devastation, destruction and gloom. The mood of suffering and pollution is emphasized as the play proceeds. The tragedies of Macbeth and Oedipus Rex are great works of literature. There similarities and differences can be seen clearly in the role of fate, the characters, and the setting and mood. English Essays

Essay on Human Rights Essays

Essay on Human Rights Essays Essay on Human Rights Essay Essay on Human Rights Essay India INDIAN CRIMINAL DEFENSE MANUAL The Role And Responsibility of a Legal Aid Lawyer Rights of the Accused and Exceptional Circumstances Client Interview Other Pretrial Matters Theory of the Case Various Defense Strategies Questioning the Witness Plea Bargaining/Guilty Plea Evidence Arguments CODES The Code of Criminal Procedure The Constitution of India The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 The Indian Penal Code, 1860 LEGAL RESOURCES Lawyer-Client Relationship India Country Summary Card Rights of the Accused Around the World Important Case Law regarding Defendants Rights in India LEGAL TRAINING RESOURCE CENTER eLearning Courses for Indian lawyers Background India has one of the worlds largest populations of pre-trial detainees with 249,796 people in overcrowded and unsanitary prisons. While in police custody, these Indian citizens are often subjected to beatings, sleep deprivation, and shock treatments all in violation of their fundamental constitutional rights. Subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment, they are an example of human rights abuses on a colossal scale. Four people die in police or judicial custody every day from these abuses. Many of these deaths could be avoided if cases were swiftly resolved. However, each year more cases are filed in Indian courts than can ever be disposed of, creating a huge bottleneck in the criminal justice system. There are currently 26,752,193 pending cases in Indian courts and in some jurisdictions case loads are so high that it would take a thousand years to clear court dockets. Because of this backlog, detainees who cannot make bail are sometimes kept in pretrial detention longer than the maximum sentence they would have received if convicted. In one case, a man was held in pretrial detention for 54 years even though the maximum sentence for his crime was only 10 years. During these periods of pre-trial detention, arrestees are at the greatest risk of human rights abuses as victims have reported that the longer the period of detention, the more intense the violence against them becomes. These abuses are made worse and worse by the continuing deterioration of the Indian Police, one of the most ill-equipped police departments in the world. For every 1,037 Indian residents there is only one police officer. Asian average: 558, global average: 333). Understaffed, under-skilled and under-resourced, the police in many Indian states work long hours under filthy labor conditions. Junior officers face intense pressure from supervisors to solve cases quickly and efficiently. As a result, bribery, brutal torture, murders, illegal arrests and other human rights abuses have become the norm, rather than the exception. Recently, India has demonstrated an increased commitment to rule of law and citizens’ legal rights. Because of police abuses during interrogation, Article 22 of the Indian Constitution was added to prevent police from detaining citizens for longer than 24 hours without a special order from a magistrate. Though domestic law grants this fundamental legal right, there remains a tremendous gulf between the actual law and its implementation. Police officers regularly detain suspects for several days, post-dating arrest documents 24-hours before producing the defendant before the magistrate. Similarly, pretrial detainees are routinely denied due process rights taken for granted in the western world: notice of charges and an opportunity to contact family or lawyers. In many cases these prisoners – poor and marginally literate – are completely unaware they have any legal rights at all, further emboldening police officers. NGOs have been successful in lobbying Indian authorities to criminalize torture, organizing public awareness campaigns on the issue of torture and aiding the rehabilitation of torture victims. However, systematic police denial, obstruction, an absence of records and a lack of accountability continues to plague the system. Despite the fact that India has a limited legal aid system, the vast majority of pre-trial detainees never receive any legal representation, making this right illusory at best. Indias current legal aid system operates primarily in urban areas, and due to caste segregation many Indians do not receive access to legal aid at all. Each of Indias 28 states operates its own Legal Services Authority, resulting in an uncoordinated approach to Indias legal aid problems. Type of System A former British colony, India has a criminal justice system heavily influenced by the English common law system. There are, however, significant differences. For instance, India banned the use of jury trials in 1960. Sources of Defendants Rights Defendants rights are protected by the Constitution of India, the Criminal Procedure Code of 1973 and the Indian Evidence Act of 1872 which governs a suspects rights prior to trial. In addition, defendants rights are established by case law by regional and national courts. By law, Indian defendants retain a significant number of rights including the right to counsel[1], the right to silence [2], the right to a fair trial[3], the right to confront witnesses[4] and the right to a speedy trial[5] Defendants Rights Pre-Trial The arrest of a defendant must be made if a reasonable complaint has been made or credible information received or a reasonable suspicion exists that an individual committed a crime[6]. Police may conduct a search upon probable cause and the issuance of a search warrant. A defendant may be detained pending trial. For bailable offenses a Magistrate must notify the accused of his right to bail and prescribe the amount of bail. The defendant has the right to identify an individual to be informed of his or her arrest. [7]. An arrestee has the right to demand an Inspection Memo for documenting any injuries incurred during or after arrest and has the right to a medical examination every 48 hours. A defendant has the right to meet a lawyer during interrogation though not throughout the entire duration of the interrogation. Defendants in police custody must be produced before a Magistrate within 24 hours of arrest. [8] The right to counsel applies to all custodial interrogations as well as critical stages of the proceedings including post-indictment interrogations, arraignments, gulity pleas and trials. [9] Trial A defendant has the right to a fair trial in open court [10] as well as the right to confront witnesses [11]. Jury trials were abandoned in 1960 and all trials occur with the judge sitting as finder of both law and fact. Confessions to police are inadmissible as evidence. Confessions may be admissible if made to a Magistrate and only if the Magistrate examines the circumstances of the confession for possible police coercion or intimidation[12] Post-Conviction The Constitution of India prohibits an individual from being prosecuted and punished form the same offence more than once. [13] The Criminal Procedure Code states that every individual convicted in High Court may appeal to the Supreme Court. Any person convicted on a trial held by a Sessions Judge or Additional Sessions Judge or a trial in any other court in which the sentence of imprisonment is more than seven years may appeal to the High Court. The defendant must show that a miscarriage of justice jeapardized the fundamental fairness of the trial in order to secure reversal. [14] The Indian Supreme Court may enforce Constitution rights by Habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari [15] See Criminal Justice Systems Around the World QUICK FACTS There are 26,752,193 pending cases in Indian courts. In some jurisdictions case loads are so high that it would take a thousand years to clear court dockets. References ^ Constitution of India, Art. 22(1) ^ Constitution of India, Art. 20(3) Constitution of India, Art. 14 ^ India Evidence Act, Section 138 ^ Hussainara Khatoon Ors. V. Home Secretary, Bihar, Patna, (1980) I SCC 98 ^ Criminal Procedure Code, Sect. 41 ^ Criminal Procedure Code, Section 50A ^ Constitution of India, Article 22(2) ^ State of M. P. v. Shobharam, AIR 1966 SC 1910: (1966) Cri LJ 1521 ^ Criminal Procedure Code Sec. 327 ^ Indian Evidence Act Sec. 138 ^ Criminal Procedure Code, Sect. 164. ^ C onstitution of India, Art. 20(2). ^ For a full list of appealable issues see Criminal Procedure Code, 1973, Sections 460-466. ^ Constitution of India, Art. 32(2

To what extent has the credit crunch contributed towards a downturn in Essay

To what extent has the credit crunch contributed towards a downturn in UK house prices - Essay Example ers to ask for hefty deposits, with seven of the ten leading lenders not lending to borrowers who have less than 10 per cent deposit (Gilmore & Blakely 2008). This has led to increased stock of unsold property in the market, which in turn has led to the decline in house prices. According to the figures from Nationwide, the second-largest mortgage lender, the value of an average home fell by 1.8 per cent in April. This is 1.1 percent lower from April last year, amounting to a loss equivalent to  £5 per day (Gilmore & Blakely 2008). Shaftesbury, the British property company that has shops and restaurants in and around London’s Carnaby Street, announced a net loss of  £91.2m for the six months preceding March 31 as against a net earnings of  £212m for the corresponding period a year ago. This is the first announcement of loss by the group since 1992. This year, the company announced a fall in its net asset value by 11 percent (O’Grady 2008). The outlook for the coming quarter remains unexciting with more surveyors expecting a decline in rent. Graham Beale, chief executive of Nationwide Building Society, has predicted that this fall in house prices would continue, with further decline in prices into 2009-10. In the six months to the end of September, Nationwide had advanced mortgages worth  £1bn, considering repayments and redemptions, as against  £3.6bn in the corresponding period last year (Osborne 2008). The society reports an increase in arrears and repossession signalling that the adverse effects of the crisis are beginning to set in with the borrowers facing difficulties in making mortgage repayments. Repossessions doubled year on year, with 300 homes repossessed in the six months to the end of April as against 143 in the corresponding period last year (Osborne 2008). The Market Oracle predicts a 15% fall in the UK house prices over two years to August 2009 (Walayat 2008). It is expected that the UK would follow the footsteps of the US, where the housing

Life Coaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Life Coaching - Essay Example I have found this just as enjoyable as meditation its almost like a dream except the dream has a mission the phrase 'light at the end of the tunnel' best describes this self hypnosis it also helps eliminate self doubt which is something I experienced coaching my first friends outside of the college duos and trios. However, I found that I felt relaxed when I used self-hypnosis on my second session; I actually trusted the process and what I was doing. I have never tried meditation until I started coaching and I have found it to be a breath of fresh air. Meditation comes from the Latin word meditatio virtually all religions use meditation of some sort; however mediation in it's purest form has no relation to religious meditation. The most effective form of creating space was a technique I learnt from a program I watched called a life coach less ordinary. The program was based around a couple called Nik and Eva Speakman who are life coaches as well as owning a financial services company. Before each session they had a wild dance around their kitchen before their next client. I found that this works for me and has worked well based on the people that I have coached during this course. As they have mostly been sales professionals that are switched on and the very high energy, I have mirror the enthusiasm and upbeat qualities. They usually start with "'what do you want' 'what is impo... Before each session they had a wild dance around their kitchen before their next client. I found that this works for me and has worked well based on the people that I have coached during this course. As they have mostly been sales professionals that are switched on and the very high energy, I have mirror the enthusiasm and upbeat qualities. 3 Techniques used to create inner space with a client: Clearing and Visualisation In virtually every session I have used visualisation this has helped the coach come up with a lot more ideas on their chosen topic. Also before starting a session I like to review the previous one and visualise what was said and with permission touch on it in the first few minutes of rapport building. Asking Powerful Questions This usually has the coachee 100% focussed. I touch on this a lot in my reflective essay, asking thought-provoking questions usually has the coach focused and clearing space is the only option. The Role Of Powerful Questions In The Coaching Process Powerful questions are just that they ask the thought provoking question that either hasn't been thought of or has been pushed to the back of coachee's mind. They usually start with "'what do you want' 'what is important to you' and 'what could stop you achieving this goal' are all examples of powerful questions the first explores the clients goals the second their values and the third any limiting beliefs or other obstructions that need to be overcome" (Joseph O'Connor and Andrea Lages. Coaching with NLP, n.d). The Use Of Powerful Questions Developing and asking power questions is the fulcrum point of your ability to understand the prospects needs (Gitomer, 1994). Power questions are definitive. They bring out that which elicits awakening response

Amniotic Fluid Volume In Pregnancy

Amniotic Fluid Volume In Pregnancy Objectives . To assess the relationship between the amniotic fluid volume (AFV) in low risk pregnancy and the perinatal outcome, using either AFI or SDP, and to evaluate the effects of different fetal positions and Attitudes on those measurements Methods . A prospective study was performed, in which a sample of 3000 low-risk pregnant women were studied using routine ultrasound, including fetal biometry and measurement of AFI, and SDP. Data were analysed using multiple linear regression, and constructing a curve for both the AFI, and SDP measurements, according to gestational age, the fetal positions and attitudes, in addition to the assessment of the final perinatal outcome. Results . The 50th percentile remained practically constant at approximately 150 mm between the 20th and 33rd week, after which there was a decline in volume, which became evident after the 38th week. At the 40th week, the 10th percentile was around 62 mm and the 2.5th percentile around 33 mm. Among the group with intact membranes, no significant differences in perinatal outcome could be seen in relationship to the AFI and SDP, although a 50% increase in emergency operations for fetal distress was seen in women with oligohydramnios. Fetal position had significantly affected the AFI, which was remarkably lower in breech pregnancies, but without similar effect on SDP. There was no significant difference for either SDP (P = 0.8) or AFI (P = 0.3) between fetuses lying on the right or the left side of the maternal abdomen. Conclusions . The percentiles incidence of amniotic fluid measurements in low-risk pregnant women showed significant decrease with gestational age, especially after the 33rd week pregnancy. Fetal position and laterality had affected significantly the AFI, but not the SDP. Key words: Amniotic fluid index, low-risk pregnancy, obstetric ultrasonography Abbreviations: AFI: amniotic fluid index, AFV: amniotic fluid volume, GA: gestational age, p: percentile Introduction The importance of variations in volume of amniotic fluid to fetal well-being has been particularly well-established, and are closely correlated to an increase in perinatal mortality and morbidity rates (1, 2), although some doubts have recently been raised (3). Fetal well-being is an important question that can, however, remain unanswered in many situations, but progress in diagnostic techniques has resulted in better perinatal outcomes, and has also contributed to understanding the complex physiological and pathological interaction between fetus and mother (4, 5). AFI and SDP are the sonographic parameters most commonly used to estimate amniotic fluid volume. Both use a two-dimensional measurement to estimate a three- dimensional parameter and are therefore subject to error. Amniotic fluid index (AFI), a semiquantitative ultrasound measure used to denote the volume of amniotic fluid, was first described in 1987 by Phelan et al. (6, 7). Since AFI involves measurements in four quadrants and SDP only measures the deepest pocket, it is possible that fetal position would affect these two indices differently. The relative accuracy of SDP and AFI is still controversial. Using invasive methods, some studies have shown these methods to be comparable, while others have shown that one index might be better than the other. However, none of these studies took into account the potential effect of fetal position on the amniotic fluid volume indices (8). Many studies have shown an increased risk of intrapartal fetal distress in parturient women with oligohydramnios, as identified by ultrasound examination. The exact pathophysiologic mechanism of olighydramnios has not been defined, but one likely explanation is an increased risk of umbilical cord compression during uterine contractions (7,9). However, doubts remain concerning normal values of AFI for each gestational age. The reference curves established some years ago are still in use in current obstetrical practice, but there is a need for new data, using a reliable reference low-risk pregnant women sample, to establish the limits of AFI that would indicate perinatal risk (9). Some existing curves (10 13), were based on relatively small sample sizes, and normal AFI for each gestational age was not yet definitely established. The purpose of this study was to estimate the curve for the amniotic fluid volume in low risk pregnancy, using a set of obstetric sonograms of women between the 20th and 42nd week, using two established parameters, the AFI and SDP, and to assess the effects of those measurements on the final perinatal outcome, in addition to studying the effects of different fetal positions and attitudes on those measured parameters. Material and methods A prospective study was carried out to estimate and evaluate the reference curve of AFI values in low-risk pregnant women, and to follow its effects on the final perinatal outcome. The study was performed at the Feto-maternal Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at El-Minya University, Egypt. Inclusion criteria were: gestational age clearly established by last menstrual period, and confirmed by early ultrasound examination performed in first trimester of pregnancy; and gestational age between 20 and 42 weeks. Women excluded were those with pregnancy-induced hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic hypertension, gestational diabetes, fetal macrosomia, ruptured membranes, placental senescence, twin pregnancy, fetal growth restriction, fetal abnormalities, fetal death, fetal isoimmunisation, or other conditions, such as metabolic disorders, kidney and heart disorders, and hypo- and hyperthyroidism. Amniotic fluid volume was measured using a 3.5 MHz linear transducer linked to a ALOKA SS 280. A scanner using the 4-quadrant technique for the assessment of AFV, described by Phelan et al.(6, 7, 9), with a modification proposed by Jeng et al.(11). A total of 3000 women between the 20th and 42nd week of pregnancy were evaluated in this study, between August 2008 and December 2010. In order to avoid any possible bias due to repetition of examinations in women with some undetected problem, an independent sample was chosen. Therefore, only the first ultrasonographic examination of each woman was included in the study, and different sample populations were used for each gestational age, in a cross-sectional design. A formal consent had been taken form the women included in the study, after full explanation and counseling, and approval of the regional ethical committee. The uterus was imaginarily divided into right and left halves along the linea nigra on the surface of the maternal abdomen. Using the mid-point between the fundus uteri and the pubic symphysis, the uterus was also divided into upper and lower halves. With the transducer head perpendicular to the ground, the largest amniotic fluid pocket in each quadrant was identified. The vertical diameter of this largest pocket of each one of the four quadrants was then measured. The AFI was defined as the sum of the measurements of each quadrant in millimeters. All examinations were performed by only one professional in order to avoid inter-observer variability. The intra-observer variability of the measures performed with this technique was estimated to be high (correlation coefficient 0.92) (14-18). Both AFI and SDP were measured at the same time during the examination. SDP was obtained by measuring the depth of the single deepest vertical amniotic fluid pocket that was clear of umbilical cord or fetal parts (19,20). AFI was calculated as the sum of the depths of the deepest pockets from each of the four quadrants of the uterus. The position of the fetal trunk was characterized by three parameters. Initially, the ultrasound probe was placed transversely on the maternal abdominal wall, with the midpoint of the probe over the sagittal midline of the maternal abdomen, at the level of the fetal abdominal circumference (Figure 1). A vertical line (Line Y) was drawn downwards from the center of the ultrasound probe. A horizontal line (Line X) was drawn across the maximum diameter of the fetal abdominal circumference. Line X was thus divided by Line Y into a shorter part (S) and a longer part (L). The first parameter to be determined was the position of the fetal trunk. This was assigned as either fetal trunk left or fetal trunk right depending on whether L was on the left or the right side, respectively, of the maternal abdomen (21-24). Next, we determined by how much the fetal trunk lay to one side of the uterus, by calculating the laterality score, defined as S/(S + L). This score ranged from 0 to 0.5; a score of exactly 0.5 meant that the fetal trunk was on the sagittal midline of the maternal abdomen, and a score of 0 meant that the fetal trunk was to the side and did not cross over Line Y. The use of the laterality score has not been reported previously. Finally, we determined the orientation of the ventral part of the fetal abdomen: a line (Line Z) was drawn from the fetal hepatic vein to the fetal spine, and the angle (A) between Lines Z and Y was determined. Fetuses were classified into one of three groups: ventral anterior (A = 300.1 360- or0-60-), ventral lateral (A = 60.1 120- or 240.1 300-) and ventral posterior (A= 120.1 240-). Figure I. The study population was categorized into different groups according to the fetal position, and AFI and SDP in the different groups were compared. Pearsons correlation coefficient between laterality score and AFI was considered the primary outcome measure. For an r of 0.25, a minimum of 62 cases was needed at a Type I error of 0.05. Based on the curve of Jeng et al. (25), and adopting a mean AFI measurement of 140 mm at 40 weeks, and a standard deviation of 48 mm, a sample size of at least 120 measurements for each week of pregnancy was estimated, assuming an ÃŽ ± error of 0.05 and a maximum difference of 10 mm between population and sample measurements. The AFI was correlated to perinatal outcome based on the Apgar score, umbilical cord blood pH, birthweight, frequency of cesarean section for fetal distress, operative delivery for fetal distress, including both cesarean section, vaginal forceps, and ventous extractions, and referral to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Fishers exact test was used for statistical evaluation. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The computer program nQuary Advisor Release 3 (Statistical Solutions Ltd, Cork, Ireland) was used to calculate the sample size needed in order to obtain significance levels at p < 0.05 and 0.01 with 90% confidence intervals (CI). Data were analysed using multiple linear regression, and by constructing a curve of the 2.5th, 10th, 50th, 90th and 97.5th percentiles of the amniotic fluid measurements according to gestational age. All statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows version 10.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Students t- test, Pearsons correlation coefficient, linear regression and ANOVA were used as appropriate. A P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The 3000 pregnant women included in the study had a mean age of 25.9 years (range 13 46), with low parity (45% were primigravida). The sample was basically from a low risk population because of the exclusion criteria used. The values of the 2.5th, 10th, 50th, 90th and 97.5th percentiles of the AFI, and SDP according to gestational age are shown in Figure II, III and IV show the data after being submitted to a smoothing process using quadratic polynomial adjustments. Analysis of the 50th percentile measurements of the AFI, and SDP curve at different gestational ages revealed that these values remained practically constant, at around 150 mm, between the 20th and 33rd week of pregnancy. At this point, values began to decrease, and this decline became particularly evident after the 38th week, reaching 130 mm at the 39th week, 120 mm at the 41st week and 116 mm at the 42nd week of gestation. Table I, and II The mean gestational age at the time of examination was 33.3 Â ± 2.8 weeks. The mean SDP and AFI were 5.5 (range, 2.8 9.3) cm and 14.5 (range, 6.7 29.3) cm, respectively. There were no significant differences in mean AFI measurements when these data were controlled for age, race, literacy, parity or previous caesarean scar (data already published elsewhere) (18). Measurements of the 10th percentile remained 100 mm until the 33rd week, when an accentuated decrease started, declining even more sharply after the 38th week of gestation, reaching values 80 mm and 40 mm at the 42nd week. According to the published normal ranges, six cases had polyhydramnios (AFI = 29.3 cm at 29 weeks gestation, SDP = 9.1 cm at 37 weeks and SDP = 9.3 cm at 33 weeks gestation) and two cases had oligohydramnios (AFI = 6.7 cm at 36 weeks gestation). Twelve hundreds and five (42%) cases were fetal trunk right and 1663 (58%) were fetal trunk left. There were no significant differences between these groups with respect to gestational age (33.1 Â ± 2.4 vs. 33.4 Â ± 2.7 weeks, P = 0.7), mean SDP (5.4 Â ± 1.3 vs. 5.5 Â ± 1.4 cm, P = 0.3) and mean AFI (15.1 Â ± 5.1 vs. 14.1 Â ± 4.0 cm, P = 0.8).Table III In fact, our results showed that fetal position had a significant effect on AFI but not on SDP; the more the fetus was positioned to one side of the uterus, the lower was the AFI. Both methods show good correlation between the measurements and the actual volume of amniotic fluid. The effect of laterality score on amniotic fluid volume indices was assessed by Pearsons correlation coefficient and linear regression. It had no significant effect on SDP (r = 0.13, ÃŽ ² = 1.1, standard error = 0.9, P = 0.23). However, it did significantly influence AFI (r = 0.31, ÃŽ ² = Transverse section of maternal trunk level of fetal abdomen8.7, standard error = 3.0, P = 0.005). The regression line is shown in Figure III. In other words, when the laterality score increased, the AFI increased proportionately. When the laterality score was 0.5 (fetal trunk positioned at the midline of the maternal abdomen), the AFI was, on average, 4.35 cm higher than it was when the laterality score was 0 (fetal trunk lay on the side and did not cross the midline of the maternal sagittal plane). Figure III, IV. There were two case of high AFI (29.3 cm) in the study population. In order to exclude the possibility that the results were influenced by this single case, we repeated the analysis quadrants of the ipsilateral side, the vertical depth of these two quadrants being be much shallower compared with those on the contralateral side. Although amniotic fluid should be displaced to the contralateral side, this may not be reflected completely in a two-dimensional measurement of the depth of the other two pockets. Therefore, it is not surprising to find that AFI measurement is lower when the fetus lies on one side of the uterus instead of centrally. The difference was statistically significant and is clinically important. When the fetus lay on one side of the uterus, the AFI was, on average, 4.35 cm lower compared with the AFI for a fetus lying centrally. On the contrary, SDP is apparently rather inert to fetal position. Since SDP only measures the deepest pocket, it is understandable that the effect of fetal position on its measurement is less. Based on the results of this study, SDP may be a better index for estimation of amniotic fluid volume than is AFI, because the association between SDP and laterality score remained non-significant (P = 0.4, ÃŽ ² = 0.8, standard error = 0.9). Further analysis was also performed with linear regression to control for the effect of gestational age. These results showed that the laterality score had a significant effect on AFI (ÃŽ ² = 9.6, standard error = 3.0, P = 0.002) that was independent of gestational age (ÃŽ ² = −0.4, standard error = 0.2, P = 0.019). AFI was significantly higher in cephalic fetal position, more than with breech ones. This result had been clearly apparent after 32 weeks gestation, and with less AFI with the ventral fetal trunk attitude with the breech position, than other. SDP had not show the same picture in different fetal positions, either breech or cephalic, so SDP as an AFV parameter had not been affected with the different fetal positions. Of the 3000 fetuses, 345 were ventral anterior, 1720 were ventral lateral and 803 were ventral posterior. The respective gestational ages of these groups were 33.5 Â ± 2.7, 32.8 Â ± 2.7 and 34.2 Â ± 2.8 weeks, the SDPs were 5.5 Â ± 1.4, 5.5 Â ± 1.3 and 5.5 Â ± 1.4 cm, and the AFIs were 14.5 Â ± 5.3, 14.4 Â ± 4.4 and 14.8 Â ± 4.4 cm. None of these was significantly different between the three groups (P = 1.0, P = 0.14 and P = 0.9, respectively). The 3000 pregnant women were divided into two subgroups according to the status of the fetal membranes. The membranes were found to be ruptured at the time of the examination in 1400 (44%) women; 750 (25%) had oligohydramnios. The membranes were intact in 1600 (55); 350 (15%) had hydramnios. Table I shows the maternal variables of the two groups. The median interval between the ultrasound examination and delivery was 4 h (range 0-24 h) in the group with ruptured membranes and 6 h (range 0-70 h) in those with intact membranes. In the group with ruptured membranes there was a significant difference in the frequency of operative delivery due to feta distress between the parturients with oligohydramnios and those with a normal volume of amniotic fluid [10.6% and 3.0%, respectively, p < 0.02, OR 3.86 (range 1.34-1.11)]. No significant differences were found regarding the other variables of perinatal outcome (Table II). In the group with intact membranes, there was a 50% increased risk of operative intervention due to fetal distress (OR 1.5), though not significant (CI 0.48-4.63) (Table III). Discussion There is a variation in AFI measurements according to gestational age. Values in the current study remain relatively constant until the 33rd week of pregnancy when a progressive decrease starts, becoming particularly evident after the 38th week of gestation. The normal lower and upper limit values of the AFI commonly used up to now, which vary between 50 and 200 mm, are similar to those found in the present study up to the 40th week of pregnancy. When adopting reference values between 80 and 180 mm for every week of pregnancy (19,20), incorrect diagnosis are likely to occur. Our findings, suggested a strong influence of fetal position on sonographic indices of amniotic fluid volume. Furthermore, we recruited women with apparently normal pregnancies and hence most likely with normal amniotic fluid volumes. Further studies should look at the relationship between fetal position and amniotic fluid volume indices in cases of oligohydramnios and polyhydramnios. Pregnant women, who are classified as having oligohydramnios by these criteria, may possibly be considered normal if a reference curve of AFI specific to gestational age were used, especially in term and post-term pregnancies. The adopted limit values indicating an alteration in the AFV are variable. For the fetal biophysical profile, the measurement of just one pocket is adopted, varying from 1 to 3 cm, and considered the lower normal limit by some authors (21,22); however, in this case, total volume would be considered decreased if the AFI were used. In fact, a RCT comparing both techniques showed an overestimation of abnormal results with AFI in post term pregnancies, increasing the number of obstetric interventions (23). These variations in classifying oligohydramnios reflect doubts regarding which percentiles best express the correlation between the decrease in AFV and poor fetal outcome. When the 50th percentile AFI was compared with that reported in a previous study (14), measurements were always higher in our study at all gestational ages by approximately 50 mm up to 28 weeks, and by 30 40 mm between 32 and 40 weeks of pregnancy. On the other hand, the current 50th percentile showed fewer variations, around 10 mm at all gestational ges, compared to the results of the indian study population (15). The importance of a curve that includes the 10th and 90th percentiles is reflected in its greater capacity to identify abnormal cases. Therefore, if the 10th percentile is used as the lower normal limit, there would be less likelihood of missing a case of real oligohydramnios. A curve that included the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles would diagnose fewer cases of abnormal AFI, and this could result in more cases of oligohydramnios or polyhydramnios being included within the normal range. By adopting the 10th percentile of AFI as the diagnosis for oligohydramnios in our population, the values are higher than those found for the Chinese study up to 36 weeks, but similar around 40 weeks of pregnancy (14). When we compare the results of this study to previous published curves (10-17), similarities can be seen for the 50th percentile of AFT at all gestational ages. However, when comparing the 2.5th percentile, it is evident that the measurements in Moore and Cayles curve are lower up to the 35th week of pregnancy, after which they are higher than the values found in our study curve. The 97.5th percentile of the Moore and Cayle curve is slightly higher at all gestational ages except for the 41st and 42nd weeks. The lower limit of 2 standard-deviations and the mean values of the Jeng et al. (11) curve are slightly lower in relation to the present curve at corresponding gestational ages, except from the 37th to the 42nd week, when values remain higher than those in the present curve. The definition of normal AFI cannot, in itself, guarantee good perinatal outcome. For instance, a 42-week pregnancy with an AFI of 45 mm would be considered normal, but how physiological this value is and what real risk it represents are questions that still need to be fully answered. If the correlation between AFV and perinatal outcome can be established, this curve may have a broader clinical application in prenatal diagnosis and care. Moreover, the curve of the 2.5th, 10th, 50th, 90th and 97.5th percentiles of the AFI measurements shows a significant decrease according to gestational age, especially after the 32nd week. This measurement could, therefore, considered a normal reference curve for the evaluation of AFI. The results of the present study suggest that oligohydramnios after rupture of the membranes in low-risk pregnancies is associated with a nearly four-fold increased risk of operative delivery due to fetal distress. An ultrasound examination of AFI could thus identify those who may need intensified fetal surveillance during labor. The present study was performed on a selected group of women with low-risk pregnancy. As AFI is one of the parameters checked in high-risk pregnancies at our hospital, these parturients were excluded in order to make the study blind. By adding high-risk pregnancies, a much smaller sample size would be needed. The frequency of oligohydramnios in cases with intact membranes was unexpectedly high: 15% instead of 5% in the controls. Although our pregnancies were low-risk, a few showed signs of pregnancy complications on admission to the labor ward (Table I), which might explain the higher frequency of oligohydramnios in this group. Although there was a significant correlation between operative delivery due to fetal distress and oligohydramnios in cases of ruptured membrane (Table II), sensitivity was low (11%), and false-positive and negative rates were 46% and 23%, respectively. Thus the knowledge of oligohydramnios in these low-risk pregnancies did not cause any immediate action, only more intense surveillance during labor. In the present study there was a 50% increased risk of operative fetal delivery due to fetal distress in parturients with oligohydramnios and intact membranes. Teoh et al. studied 120 pregnancies as an admission study in early labor with intact membranes. The frequency of oligohydramnios (AFI < 5 cm) in their study was 22%, and operative delivery due to fetal distress frequency among these was 27%. Based on these data, a sample size of 100 would be sufficient. We chose, however, three times that size, as the low-risk status of their population was uncertain (9, 11). The pathophysiology of oligohydramnios before membrane rupture is unclear. One theory is that a reduced perfusion of the placenta causes hypovolemia in the fetus, and/or an automatic redistribution of fetal blood volume to vital organs with a resultant reduced blood supply to the kidneys. This in turn could lead to reduced production of urine, and thus reduce the volume of amniotic fluid. Bar- Hava et al. studied signs of redistribution, renal blood flow, and signs of oligohydramnios, but could find no correlation. There was no change in the renal artery pulsatility index (12, 14, 19). Oligohydramnios in labor after the rupture of membranes in a low-risk pregnancy is probably not caused by a reduced perfusion of the placenta, but is more probably caused by the loss of large amounts of amniotic fluid at the time of the rupture. One explanation for the significantly increased risk of operative delivery due to fetal distress in the group with ruptured membranes might be that there is an increased risk of the umbilical cord becoming trapped in an ad- verse position, at the time of the rupture, if a large amount of amniotic fluid is lost. Amnioinfusion may be a way to treat such cases in order to restore the volume of amniotic fluid and reduce the risk of compression of the umbilical cord, thus averting the need for operative delivery (11, 21, 23). As a conclusion of the current study, assessment of the AFV during pregnancy using the SDP appears to be more accurate than the AFI, especially the SDP evaluation has not been affected significantly with either different fetal positions or attitudes, but still we are in need for further controlled studies to compare the accuracy of the two modes of AFV assessment. Another conclusion drawn from our study is that an ultrasound examination, including measurement of AFI as an admission test for women presenting at the labor ward with ruptured membranes after an uneventful pregnancy, could help identify those with an increased risk of intrapartum fetal distress, namely those with oligohydramnios. Moreover Measuring AFI in low-risk pregnancies on admission to the labor ward might detect cases needing special surveillance. We are currently preparing a new ongoing study, as an extension to the current study, comparing the previous two parameters of AFV assessment in high risk pregnancies, and the preliminary results could confirm the previously mentioned results, but it is too early to get to a final conclusion.

Essay --

My Family Case Study will examine the ‘Nguyen’ family and their current struggle with family finances. I will present the family, their history, and their response to the challenge of dealing with the crisis related to the family finances. I will present the family situation when they were in Vietnam first. In Vietnam, they bought the house and they didn’t have to pay any tax or fee. They were considered as a middle class well-living family in Vietnam. They got their own business over there. Their income per month were enough for them for a good living life. Only the father worked and the mother stayed home and took care the kids. One day they received a letter from the United State Citizenship and Immigration Service (USCIS) said that they got approved to go to America. They got stressful since they got the letter. At that time, they were unsure whether or not to go to the U.S.A or stay back in Vietnam. It was a difficult decision for them because if they went to the U.S.A they had to give up their business which they had built up since they got married. Time went by, they determined to leave everything behind and went to the U.S.A for their kids’ future because they believed that America has a bes t educational system in the world. Until they came to America three years ago, their life had a big changed. Mr.Nguyen was a 45 years old man. He is married to Mrs. Nguyen who was a 40 years old. They were married 16 years ago in Vietnam. They had two children. One named Peter age 5 who was in pre-school and the other one named Mike age 9 who was in intermediate school. One month after they came to the U.S.A, they found a job and got pay minimum wage around 8 dollars per hour. The family lived in an apartment which 2 bedroom. ... ...getting a bad day at work, and feel like he couldn’t make more money to support his family well enough. He sometimes wants to buy electronic things, food, candy, new clothes etc†¦ for his wife and his children but he cannot afford it so whenever the fight starting between him and her, he cannot control all the stress and anxious in his mind and fight back at her even though he doesn’t want to. Mrs. Nguyen wants to help her husband coping with all the stress he has, so she gets some guidelines from the family therapist. Mrs. Nguyen want Mr. Nguyen to spend time with his family on the weekend and not going for a part time job. They will spend their time with their children and planning to have a family vacation, doing activities together or having dinner together in order to maintain a good relationship and not letting financial be a stressful problem in their family.

Research Paper the Maltese Falcon: Existentialism Essay

Dashiell Hammett, father of the American hard-boiled genre, is widely known for producing a suffocating world of realism in his works (â€Å"Hard-boiled fiction†). According to Paul Abraham’s â€Å"On re-reading The Maltese Falcon,† the realistic atmosphere of Hammett’s third novel is reactionary to the post-war turmoil in which the work was born (97). This provides the ideal foundation for subtle philosophical concepts of existentialism such as, quests for truth, self identification, and the significance of existence to build throughout the novel. Richard Layman, in his critical review of Hammett’s novel (also titled The Maltese Falcon), proposes that the philosophies of Hammett’s generation can be found within the text of his novel (71). Hammett conveys an existential theme in his work The Maltese Falcon through his use of themes of inquiry and self absorbed characters as well as his Flitcraft parable. Existentialism, in a simple form, is a philosophy concerning existence and its significance. Layman asserts that â€Å"[existentialism] had its roots in the mid-nineteenth century and flourished in the United States from the 1930s until the 1960s† (71). According to the web-article â€Å"World War I† from the New World Encyclopedia, subsequent to the Great War, â€Å"the optimism for world peace of the 1900s was entirely gone. † Therefore, without the blinders of social optimism, American society could question ideas such as, the occurrence of mass destruction in a â€Å"just† world and the significance of existence in such a world. Hammett’s firsthand experience with the existential crisis—caused by what the historical context from the website â€Å"The Maltese Falcon† presents as global wars, the Great Depression, and other struggles of the 1930s—leads Hammett to employ different techniques throughout his work, providing subtle allusions to existentialism. One method through which Hammett conveys existentialistic thought is through his themes of inquiry in The Maltese Falcon. The plot is centered on the continuous quest for an idolized icon—the Maltese falcon, a precious bejeweled bird. Hammett incorporates an ecclesiastical theme through this pursuit of an icon. The quest for their icon ultimately leads to the demise of the characters involved in its search. It steals the identity and climatically the life of the mob-boss Gutman. Brigid, the femme fatale, also loses in this pursuit, for she is left to the mercy of the law in the final pages. Whether death or imprisonment plagues the characters involved, the quest for an icon consumes their lives. Hammett illuminates the detrimental consequences of such quests through the aforementioned loss of identity, life, and freedom. This message is countered by the existentialistic denouncement of all icons. Existentialism provides a simple solution for such futile quests: lives are not wasted in the search of an icon. In pursuit of a precious icon, all characters lose themselves—a root of the existentialist crisis: loss of self, questioning of existence (â€Å"Existentialism†). Another theme of inquiry in Hammett’s novel deals with the constant search for the truth. Spade, the protagonist, is tormented by the ambiguity of truth throughout the novel. Spade is forced to discern lies from the truth within the first pages of the novel, where he meets Brigid, or rather â€Å"Miss Wonderly† as she is dubbed upon primary introduction. Brigid, notorious for her deceitful ways, confesses to Spade, once an invested relationship is established between the two: â€Å"I am a liar. I have always been a liar† (353). Layman observes that â€Å"the challenge for Spade in the book is to make up the rules as he goes along; to decide for himself, without outside guidance, what he believes and what he believes in† (71). These decisions shape Spade’s actions and help to define his character. Spade, concerning himself â€Å"with the quest for relevance and authenticity,† as David Pickus writes in his expose on existentialism, is not the only character involved in the search for truth (17). Brigid, Gutman, Cairo, and Wilmer are forced to come to terms with the quest for truth and authenticity when it is discovered their falcon is a mere fabrication of the true Maltese falcon. After shaving the black enamel from the base of the falcon Gutman exclaims â€Å"it’s a fake. † Gutman reacts with his â€Å"breath [hissing] between his teeth† and â€Å"his face [becoming] turgid with hot blood† (430). This is representative of the anger Gutman possesses upon the realization of this on-going search for authenticity. Another method in which Hammett unveils existentialistic undertones is through his self-absorbed characters. Layman writes about Spade: â€Å"He is defining who he is. That is the simplest statement of the philosophy of existentialism†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (71). Spade relies solely on himself and often stretches the hands of the law. He undermines the police in order to prevent interference within his investigations, denouncing their authority. For example, when Dundy, a police officer tells Spade, â€Å"You’ve gotten away with this and you’ve gotten away with that, but you can’t keep it up forever. † Spade nonchalantly replies: â€Å"Stop me when you can† (341). The article from the Philosophy website, titled â€Å"Existentialism† states that â€Å"an existentialist believes that a person should be forced to choose and be responsible without the help of laws, ethnic rules, or traditions. † Spade epitomizes this idea with his actions throughout the novel. Brigid is another character who does not function within the realm of laws and rules; however, she is a less responsible character than Spade. Brigid’s efforts are invested into self-preservation. She continuously fights to stay one step ahead of everyone through creating a web of lies, which ultimately becomes a defining element of her character. Her deceitfulness and obsession with obtaining her desires without concern for consequence or reputation demonstrates her loss of self in pursuit of something worthless; she becomes nothing more than a wanton woman with no true identity. In addition to his characterization, Hammett also utilizes the Flitcraft parable as a means of conveying existentialistic thought. Martin Harris writes: â€Å"The Flitcraft parable has been examined closely by those who see the story providing an important key to Hammett’s feelings about the meaning (or lack thereof) of human existence† (241). The Flitcraft parable tells the story of a man who completely changed his life in consequence of one random event. Flitcraft, a satisfied family man, encountered a near death experience via a construction beam plummeting into his path. This event made him contemplate the randomness of life—there are no certainties. Spade tells Brigid: â€Å"[Flitcraft] felt like somebody had taken the lid off life and let him look at the works† (335). Flitcraft understood the uncertainty of life after this experience. With this epiphany Flitcraft began a new life; he took the randomness of life and incorporated it into his existence. Aware of mortality and the significance of one’s identity, Flitcraft exposed himself to an alternate life. While Flitcraft ultimately ended up settling back into his prior lifestyle, the afterglow of his near death experience permitted him to revel in existentialism, for according to the web-article â€Å"Existentialism† the search of self-being is a fundamental element of the existential philosophy. Whether it is through various themes, characters, or a well placed anecdote, the undertones of existentialism exist within the pages of Hammett’s novel. Hammett effectively incorporated themes from his era into his literature. In a time where the â€Å"spirit of optimism in society was destroyed,† Hammett acknowledged realism within the text of his art (â€Å"Existentialism†). While existentialism no longer has an intoxicating hold on modern society, it lives in the pages of influential authors. The Maltese Falcon’s subtle cues to such great philosophical ideas assist in the significance that Hammett’s works hold to this day. Works Cited Abrahams, Paul P. â€Å"On re-reading The Maltese Falcon. † Journal of American Culture 18. 1 (1995): 97-107. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 15 July 2010. Dooley, Dennis. Dashiell Hammett. New York: F. Ungar Pub. , 1984. Print. â€Å"Existentialism. † Philosophy. AllAboutPhilosophy. org, 2010. Web. 01 Aug. 2010. . Hammett, Dashiell. The Novels of Dashiell Hammett. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965. Print. â€Å"Hard-boiled Fiction. † Encyclop? dia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 July 2010. . Harris, Martin. â€Å"Hammett’s Flitcraft Parable, The Stepfather, and the Significance of Falling Beams. † Literature Film Quarterly 34. 3 (2006): 240-248. MLA International Bibliography. EBSCO. Web. 15 July 2010. Layman, Richard. The Maltese Falcon. Detroit: Gale Group, 2000. Print. â€Å"The Maltese Falcon. † The Big Read. National Endowment for the Arts, 2010. Web. 16 July 2010. . Metress, Christopher, ed. The Critical Response to Dashiell Hammett. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1994. Print. Pickus, David. â€Å"Paperback Authenticity: Walter Kaufmann and Existentialism. † Philosophy and Literature 34. 1 (2010): 17-31. Philosopher’s Index. EBSCO. Web. 31 July 2010. â€Å"World War I. † New World Encyclopedia. 09 May 2008. Web. 06 Aug. 2010.

A Brief Note On Iowa Beef Packers ( Ibp ) - 950 Words

While America’s economy has fluctuated significantly throughout the last century, growth has remained consistent in the meatpacking industry; companies like IBP Inc. reported profits of $198 million on sales of $12.5 billion back in 1997 (Hettena, Seth. 1997). Today, Iowa Beef Packers (IBP) is one of four companies including ConAgra, National Beef and Excel that collectively comprise the meatpacking industry in United States. Excel is a subsidiary of Cargill, which alone controls 85 percent of the market (Gzedit. 2001). Unions, which are in place to prevent workers’ rights from being overlooked, now find themselves far removed from the locations of factories owned by these companies, and more undocumented workers are being hired with little to no incentive for change. â€Å"Decades ago, meatpacking was centered in labor-friendly urban areas. But the giant stockyards of Chicago, Fort Worth and Kansas City are long gone. The industry built huge plants closer to the livestock—and in right-to-work states where unions are far less popular† (Sharon. 2006). Unions are not providing adequate protection for the workers, and more undocumented workers are being hired, which raises a question: are illegal immigrants taking advantage of the system, or is the system taking advantage of them? Risks and Subsequent Changes The risks associated with working in meatpacking factories have plagued the industry for a long time. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle exposed the repulsive dangers and perilsShow MoreRelatedFast Food Nation : The Dark Side Of The All American Meal5122 Words   |  21 Pagesbiggest fast food chains in America first started out as small restaurants, mainly in southern California, that adapted to the changing lifestyle of Americans and revolutionized the way people eat their meals. He supports his claim by first giving a brief story of Carl N. Karcher’s life and how he began his business in the fast food industry in Anaheim, California, then he explains how â€Å"curb service† worked for customers with automobiles since cars became a more common method of transportation thus