The Hidden History Of The Jfk Assassination - 2336 Words

The Hidden History of the JFK Assassination For nearly five decades, historians have debated over whether or not the John F. Kennedy assassination was from a lone gunman or as part of a bigger conspiracy cover-up. On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was shot as he paraded through Dallas, Texas. That same afternoon, Dallas police had arrested their suspect, Lee Harvey Oswald. Oswald, an itinerant ex-U.S. marine and self-described Marxist-Leninist, previously lived in the Soviet Union prior to his move back to the United States. However, within days of his arrest, Oswald was dead. Oswald was murdered by Jack Ruby on national television in the basement of a Dallas police station. Historians, through the years, have stated that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone and for himself, while others have maintained that Kennedy was killed as part of a wider cover-up. The Warren Commission Report was established by Lyndon Johnson, Kennedy’s successor, to further investigate Kennedy’s assassination. After nearly a yearlong investigation, the commission, led by Chief Justice Earl Warren concluded that alleged gunman Lee Harvey Oswald had acted alone in assassinating America’s 35th President, and that there was no conspiracy, either domestic or international, involved. Despite its seemingly firm conclusions, the report proved controversial and failed to silence conspiracy theories surrounding the event. Historians have held dramatically different views about theShow MoreRelatedThe Kennedy Assassination Conspiracy Theories Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesThe assassination of John F. Kennedy is one of the most controversial and debated topics in American History. JFK was one of the most beloved presidents of our time. One article of his death wrote, The day the country cried. Unlike previous presidential assassinations, the JFK assassination is one that is filled the conspiracy theories. Such theories include a Government cover-up, Mafia in fluence and Cuban President Fidel Castro. The idea of a lone mind, Lee Harvey Oswald, plotting to kill PresidentRead MoreThe Kennedy Assassinations By John F. Kennedy Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pages Decades later, the Kennedy assassinations and surrounding mysteries continue holding public interest. Although their notoriety as charismatic leaders is a significant contribution, other factors regarding societal psychology deserve consideration whilst exploring this phenomenon. With these events occurring during a time that allows living witnesses, modern accessible evidence, various media coverage, and visible modern impact, the mysterious Kennedy assassinations have the capacity to encourageRead MoreThe United States Government1309 Words   |  6 PagesBrianna Winn Mr. Smith English 111 18 May 2016 Fact or Fiction The United States government was formed to create a democracy fit for the idea that they would be considered â€Å"land of the free.† Unfortunately, throughout the history of several world wide events, the intentions of the â€Å"forefathers† have strayed to manipulate events and people. The government has been accused for many past years of lying when main events strike the nation causing many tragedies as well as causing emotional anguish onRead Moreâ€Å"Forgive Your Enemies, But Never Forget Their Names.† –John1302 Words   |  6 Pagesworld’s leading bombshell blonde in the 1960’s. This President is also well known for being assassinated in a convertible car while campaigning for the Democratic party. John F. Kennedy’s assassination had shook the United States because Kennedy was said to be a liked President by the people. The assassination happened occurred on November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas where John F. Kennedy was out with his wife. This event was one of the rare events where John F. Kennedy’s wife, Jacqueline joined himRead MoreThe Assassination Of Dr. F. Kennedy Essay1069 Words   |  5 Pagesafter, the prime suspect of the biggest assassination in history was pronounced dead. So, this leads to the 50+ years long question; â€Å"Did Lee Harvey Oswald actually assassinate the president? Or was he a simple fall man?†. In Richard Belzer’s New York Times Best Selling Book Hit List, he utilizes a source from Richard Charnin, a control engineer/programmer for Grumman Aerospace Corporation, to edge that†¦. In the 14 years that followed the JFK assassination, there Read MoreAccording To The Length Of The History Of The United States,1975 Words   |  8 PagesAccording to the length of the history of the United States, there were four sitting presidents have been killed by gunshot included Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley; the extensive event that earthquakes the United States is the death of John F. Kennedy. Up to now, 53 years have passed since â€Å"the judgement day†, the government has not figured the accurate answer about the murdering of Kennedy as well as the slayer who killed him. Unfortunately, everything we are having right nowRead MoreThe Role Of David Ferrie On The Assassination Of President John. F. Kennedy3057 Words   |  13 Pages Johal 11 Jagdeep Johal JFK Assignation: David Ferrie December 22, 2015 Abstract This paper examines the role that David Ferrie played in the assassination of President John. F. Kennedy. There are many conspiracy theories surrounding the killing of President Kennedy, and this paper seeks to show how David Ferrie fits into the theories, and how he caused the death of one of the most prolific presidents in the history of United States. Special attention will be give to the New Orleans Conspiracy,Read MoreJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy: The Truth Revealed1856 Words   |  8 PagesThe assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy is one of the most tragic events that shaped America. JFK was born on May 19, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts, but little did he know that his life would be abbreviated in his future. Kennedy became the thirty-fifth President of the United States; he was assassinated on November 22, 1963. He was allegedly shot and killed by Lee Harvey Oswald. Although, many pieces of evidence conclude that Oswald could not have done the deed by himself. There is a br oadRead MoreJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy in Office Essay887 Words   |  4 Pagesassassinated in 1964. For many, his assassination remains one of the most traumatic events in their memory and even history. Although, John Fitzgerald Kennedy was much more than a president that got assassinated while in office. While still attending college at Harvard University, Kennedy volunteered for hazardous combat duty in the Pacific during World War II. His time spent volunteering made him a war hero. Coming from a long family line of political history, Kennedy began working in the HouseRead MoreLife Of A President : John F. Kennedy2290 Words   |  10 PagesHistory is not defined by the number of days that have passed. History is defined by the events that occurred on the days that have passed. November 22, 1963 is a day to never be forgotten. A day that should have been a pleasant memory instead became a somber whisper of the past. The United States lost a precious human life that day, the life of a president: John Fitzgerald Kennedy. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was more than just a Google search. He had a wife, Jacqueline (Jackie) Kennedy, and two children

Obesity in School Children - 1754 Words

Obesity in school children Children develop within a set framework and grow according to the levels of exercise and nutrition available to them as well as their particular genetic nature. In affluent countries such as Australia this growth can be affected by the lack of exercise and the consumption of too many kilojoules. Currently there are a large percentage of children who are verging on obesity or are obese, and this is an emerging cause for worry in today’s schools. Children today are not as active as previous generations, sometimes due to a lack of opportunity such as being driven to school instead of walking. Other reasons are less time outside and more time watching television and playing computer games. There is a much larger†¦show more content†¦Schools should have adequate training for staff and positive programs for students in place for education about nutrition and exercise. Appropriate attitudes towards the eating and exercise programs and for those children who are vulnerable wi thin the school environment are a necessary part of a preventative program. (Yager amp; O’Dea, 2005) Teachers who understand the significance of Bandura’s (1986) social learning theory, which states â€Å"people learn from one another† have the opportunity to be constructive role models, giving the students clear messages about body image, showing tolerance for diverse body shapes and supportive practices for struggling students. (Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2011) Four ways a teacher can assist in addressing and/or preventing obesity Movement in the classroom There are many ways a teacher can introduce movement in to the daily programs in the classroom through games, quizzes and physical challenges. Some of these can be adapted to align with the units of study being introduced. A times table quiz can be extended by having children jump out the answer or a spelling challenge can introduce making letter shapes with their bodies. To encourage children to work with others, especially someone new, physical games can be used to promoteShow MoreRelatedObesity in School Children Essay972 Words   |  4 PagesU.S children age 6 to 11 -approximately one in six children are victims of obesity-related illnesses that threaten to shorten their lives. That is more than nine million children. (Tartamella, Herscher, Woolstoon, 2004). Those numbers are shocking and disturbing. Have we, as a community, encouraged the most destructive epidemic outburst? Childhood overweight and obesity are public concerns because unhealthy weight is rapidly becoming the most prevalent nutrition problem of K-12 school ageRead MorePrevalence of Obesity in Children Introduced in the Elementary School533 Words   |  2 PagesPrevalence of Obesity in Children Introduced in the Elementary School Prevalence of obesity in the children introduced in Elementary School is an article published by Journal of Nursing discussing childhood obesity in elementary schools. Obesity is defined as excessive accumulation of body fat (deWit O’Neill, 2014). The article is based on studies performed in Brazilian communities. Topics of the different studies consisted of private school setting, lower income families in different locationsRead MorePreventing Obesity among School Children through Healthier School Meals1323 Words   |  5 PagesPreventing Obesity Among School Children through Healthier School Meals Obesity and overweight are among the pressing health problems among children and adolescents in the developed world. Obesity refers to an excess amount of body fat whereas overweight can be measured by the BMI index or height-weight ratio. According to the WHO (2012), obesity and overweight are the fifth largest risk for global deaths. Introduction Obesity and overweight among children and adolescents has increasedRead MoreEssay on School Lunches Lead to Obesity in Our Children1309 Words   |  6 Pagesunder the age of 20, about 12.5 million are considered obese. School districts that serve students food that are high in calories and fat are to blame for the growing numbers of obese children. Although school lunches provide students food at minimal costs, the poor quality of food served delivers inadequate nutrition and is responsible for the rising numbers of obese minors in the United States. In order to combat this growing problem, school districts must limit student choices in the lunchroom andRead MoreEssay on Preventing Obesity in School Aged Children in Australia1350 Words   |  6 Pages Schools and society are taking focussed actions aimed at increasing physical activity in children and helping lower the obesity rates that are becoming increasingly prevalent among young people. Statistics show that in Australia, one- quarter of children is either overweight or obese as stated in (Australian Government: Australian Insisture of Health Welfare, 2004). The focus of preventing obesity will be the two to six year old age group. Children who are obese face a number of factors thatRead MoreSchool Based Pediatric Obesity Prevention Program Targeting On Elementary School Children By Health Professionals947 Words   |  4 Pagesinterventions helps both educators and selected participants. The purpose of this paper is to select appropriate education interventions for childhood obesity. Five nursing researches have selected to address childhood obesity. According to Johnston, et al. (2013), childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States with 32.6% children of ages 6-11 overweight or obese and they are at high risks of developing high blood pressures, diabetes, cancer, pulmonary complications, depressionRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Developing Problem1197 Words   |  5 PagesObesity in America is a developing problem, and not just in adults. Today, one in three American children and teens are either overweight or obese; almost triple the rate previously in 1963. Child obesity has expedi tiously become one of the most genuine health challenges of the 21st century (â€Å"10 Surprising Facts About Childhood Obesity†). Physical inactivity, race, junk food in schools, the mass media, and the child’s parents flaws are all factors that have resulted in the prevalence of childhoodRead MoreChildhood Obesity: A Gowing Problem Around the World649 Words   |  3 PagesObesity is a growing problem all around the world for far too many children. Obesity means a person has too much body fat. Body fat is measured by a person’s body mass index. When one is measuring a person’s body mass index, they are finding their height and body weight then comparing it to the recommendations made by doctors for each age and gender. After doctors calculate it, they then find a percentile rank to determine present and future health issues. Around the world, childhood obesity hasRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On America1394 Words   |  6 PagesHave you e ver wondered what are the major causes of obesity? The CDC (2017) states that one out of every five children in the U.S. are overweight or obese, and this number is continuing to rise. Wilson (2016) states that many children who are obese develop health complications, such as joint, gallbladder, and sleeping problems. The majority of children who are obese as kids tend to be obese as adults. Reason being, many children develop bad eating habits by learning from their surroundings. WhenRead MoreEssay on Preventing Childhood Obesity in Australia1427 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction â€Å"During the past two decades, the prevalence of obesity in children has risen greatly worldwide. Obesity in childhood causes a wide range of serious complications, and increases the risk of premature illness and death later in life, raising public-health concerns.† (Ebbeling, Pawlak Ludwig, 2002 p.471) Currently in the Australian community and schools there is an obesity epidemic in young people with many children doing less and less physical activity then advised. â€Å"In 2007-08 the

Sufferers of Parkinson’s disease free essay sample

With reduced mobility, muscles can become floppy and make movement slower and more difficult, but when muscles are used on a regular basis, they remain firm and move more easily. When supporting moving and positioning activities, it is important to remember that muscles can only move the bones at a joint as far as the joint allows. For example, the elbow and knee joints have limited movement; trying to extend these joints beyond their range can cause painful damage to the joint. Nerve fibres run all the way through the body and send impulses to muscles, which enable the muscles to contract and relax. Nerve fibres are delicate structures and can easily become damaged through poor moving and handling techniques 1. 2 Describe the impact of specific conditions on the correct movement and positioning of an individual There are a number of conditions that can have an impact on the correct movement and positioning of people. We will write a custom essay sample on Sufferers of Parkinson’s disease or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Arthritis People suffering with arthritis will often have stiff painful joints and frequently have limited movement in the affect areas. Care needs to be taken when moving or positioning arthritic people, to reduce the possibility of causing pain and discomfort. You also need to be aware of the limited movement of arthritic joints and not attempt to move these beyond their limits. Parkinson’s disease Sufferers of Parkinson’s disease may experience limb rigidity that can affect normal movement and positioning. When assisting people to find a comfortable position, in either a bed or chair, be careful not to force the rigid limb further than it is able to, as this could damage the joint and cause discomfort or pain. People with Parkinson’s disease have slower reaction times and it may take a person longer to initiate movement. It is therefore important to give people suffering from this condition time to move and not rush them. People may not be able to tell people if they are in pain, so you should look for non-verbal signs of pain or discomfort. Cerebral palsy People who suffer with cerebral palsy may have contracted muscles or joints causing a fixed rigid limb. Care staff must be aware of the needs of people who suffer with cerebral palsy and ensure that effective communication skills are used when assisting people to move or reposition. Stroke A stroke can have a devastating effect on somebody; it may leave a person with no long-term effects, with a permanent weakness down one side of their body or, at worst, in a deep coma from which they never recover. When moving and handling people who have suffered from a stroke, you will need to be aware of the extent of the stroke and what parts of the body have been affected.

Old people vs Young people free essay sample

Old People Old people are always blaming young people for the everyday problems, but old people are actually the ones to blame for these societal problems. This is in a way unfair to the youths, since news channel and papers are endlessly bombarding us with news like ‘kid kills with gun/knife.’ Or even the recent riots, they are being blamed and criticized for the problems within our society. This is clear that the adults are using us the youths as mere scapegoats, as the society we live in is created by the older generation, and we have no voice in saying how the society, the world we live in are run, due to the fact that only people over 18 are allowed to vote, change the laws. Although our opportunity will come, but once there is a problem, learning from the older generation, we will blame the youths because they are the most vulnerable and the vicious cycle will continue on and on. We will write a custom essay sample on Old people vs Young people or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Still, the older generations might defend themselves by showing that the number of young offenders is rising rapidly. This might seem convincing at first, but does this not just show that there are more and more fatal flaws in our system? Or do they even do their job, be responsible and show us the correct way to behave and to distinguish between good and evil? ‘The inherited evil within every man appears once law and order is taken away from society.’ – William Golding. So in the end, this was yet another one of the older generations way to delude the public. As I have said before, it is unfair to the youths that they are blamed for all the mess the older generations leave behind, they are being falsely accused for things they haven’t done. In my opinion, this has become more than just a blame game; I think that people have subconsciously accepted a stereotypical thinking in their mind. Every time they see a bunch a teenagers together, they automatically think their up to something sinister, every time they hear teenagers talking out loud, they look at them with disgust, thinking where are their manners? They don’t even give them a chance to defend themselves. In conclusion, nobody wants to bear responsibility for something, so when there is an easy way out, most people will choose the easier way, putting the blame on others and this is exactly what generation after generation are doing, they need to stand up, take the blame and change what’s wrong, so in my opinion, I think its morally unacceptable to be blaming youths for our societal problems.

Argumentative Essay Sample on Euthanasia

Argumentative Essay Sample on Euthanasia â€Å"If we are to have free will, that free will should include not only how we live our lives, but how long we live them† (Taylor 2003, 30). Euthanasia, the specific term for assisted suicide, has been a century old controversy (Clarfield 2003, 38). Its leader in the controversy is Dr. Jack Kevorkian, who has assisted in over 30 deaths since 1990. Dr. Kevorkian claims that the medical, religious, journalistic and legal communities won’t stop him. Psychologist Joseph Richman says that, â€Å"All suicides, including the â€Å"rational,† can be an avoidance of or substitute for dealing with basic life-and-death issues.† So which is right, helping dying people to achieve their last wish, or waiting for God to do his part while the ill sit there and die slowly and painfully? Euthanasia should be legalized in the United States. Hearing the negatives about euthanasia, the U.S. citizens need to also hear the good points of the topic. The question of who has the right to give or take life has played an important part in the history of technology, with designer babies and altering DNA. But it also contributes to the challenging question of who should be able to take another’s life as in physician’s aide, or euthanasia (Clarfield 2003, 38). In 1972, the Dutch Council of Health did their own study and decided that euthanasia should be legal. They stated that doctors needed to follow rules and regulations to assist with death (Clarfield 2003, 38). Rob Jonquiere states that, â€Å"These reactions are often very hypocritical. Doctors all over the world perform euthanasia, but they don’t report it.† (Kolfschooten 2003, 1352) So even if euthanasia is not legalized, doctors may continue to perform the procedure. So why not legalize euthanasia anyway! â€Å"If your life is yours, then it is no one else’s business if you choose to discontinue having experiences† (Flynn 2003, 25). Then the moral issue comes in. Do individuals lives belong to God? Religious leaders will argue that God had control over everyone’s life until death, and physicians shouldn’t take that into their own hands. Although the conflict of euthanasia seems new, the actual procedure has been around since World War I (Clarfield 2003, 38). It became a strong issue in the 1920’s and 30’s, growing again in the 60’s and 70’s (Clarfield 2003, 38). New laws are still occurring, the last one updated by Dutch euthanasia describes new regulations on April first 2002 (Kolfschooten 2003, 1352). Many supporters of euthanasia also advocated sterilization laws (Payne 2003, 57). But are the supporters agreeing with euthanasia because of their feelings towards the ill? Seventy to eighty percent of people polled that they felt sympathetic towards the terminally ill (Payne 2003, 57). Even if this happens to be true, euthanasia still was morally acceptable in their view s. Just like divorce, marrying outside of a persons’ racial class, and issues dealing with social classes, euthanasia shall overcome obstacles of moral, ethical, and political views with time. People just need to realize that keeping someone alive against their will, happens to be more morally wrong than giving them what they want and rightfully deserve. Although euthanasia is illegal in the United States and its considered a taboo by most; some examples are shown in the following lines that would like to see physician-aided death prevail (Flynn 2003, 24). Freddie, who after being diagnosed with cancer refused chemotherapy as a treatment for the illness. He went in for surgery and had his bladder removed. A few days later the doctors told him that the surgery was unsuccessful, and the cancer had spread to other organs. Freddie’s first week in the hospital was unbearable, waking up to day after day of pain because of laws against assisted suicide. His had spent the last three weeks in the hospital, the last one of which he spent unconscious, hooked up to machines. With a needle in each arm: one to keep him alive, and the other to keep him asleep safe from the pain (Taylor 2003, 29-30). Sidney Cohen was diagnosed with cancer in November and was told that he would die within three months. By January 1st, Sidney was in pain, and bed-bounded praying for euthanasia. He was allowed only to drink water for six weeks, and became desperate, isolated, and frightened (Arthur 2002, 1). Sidney had no reason to live his life, because in his position his life couldn’t be acceptable. People should be able to decide if their life amounts to a â€Å"life not worthy to be lived,† as Dr. Leo Alexander said that the euthanasia debate started with this question. Alexander said that there would be a rising time of death with dignity movement, or assisted suicide, which Oregon has now legalized (Washington 2002, 1). The law legalizing euthanasia became a landmark law for the Oregon people when they received adequate pain relief (Washington 1991, 1). If the option of euthanasia is not available to some, the ill may take their own life as Carol Ezzell did. She did not qualify for physician aide in Holland. So she took her own life in a needlessly vile way, and her loved ones had no chance to say their last goodbyes. Because of Carol’s many years of anguished sickness and the doctors only promising worse to come, she did not see any other solution to her problem (Flynn 2003, 25). That brings us back to the controversy of should euthanasia be legalized? Yeah, there happen to be ways to live longer for those that are not quite on their deathbed, but it is the patient’s decision if they don’t want to live longer. Is it not? Having so many ways to misuse euthanasia, the United States has not passed a bill to legalize. Most doctors today in the United States that have patients in a comatose state do what their family feels happens to be right or with his or her own discretion. And if that is keeping them asleep until their last minutes of life, most doctors consider what they call terminal sedation, legal in the United States (Kolfschooten 2003, 1352). Physicians the world over administer pain-killing drugs to terminally ill patients that have the effect of killing them. The difference is that we do it openly, says Henk Leenen, lawyer of the medical ethics department (Wright 2003, 1061). Doctors can sneak around the euthanasia debate this way. They call it the administration of a sedative medication to ease pain and agony. Doctors in the Netherlands use terminal sedation to get around having to get a second opinion. Although this technique will help the patient out tremendously it is proved that the sleep inducing drugs ends lives early (Kolfschooten 2003, 1352). Using euthanasia properly in the United States, there needs to be a system of rule that is followed religiously. The Netherlands adopted the first laws that allowed euthanasia to be legal. The Dutch euthanasia regulations were set into law on April first of 2002 and Henk Leenen says that all it needs to do to stay legal is follow the guidelines that the Dutch Medical Society introduced, while Europe allows the issue (Wright 2003, 1061). The rules and regulations have to be followed in order to qualify for the procedure in the Netherlands; the rules include these four regulations: (1) that the patient would have to be 21 years of age or older (2) to be of sound mind (3) to be suffering from severe physical pain (4) and to have an incurable ailment (Clarfield 2003, 38). Although the ESA (Euthanasia Society of America) proposed a bill in the United States that would make the patient have to petition the courts and other doctors would have to examine the patient for the treatment before euthanasia to be performed, however the bill did not pass (Clarfield 2003, 38). The United States should come up with rules like the Netherlands did, or just use regulations that they came up with. US doctors or doctors in general are not hanging over the bedside of these ill people trying to save money for the hospital or for the persons’ family (Payne 2003, 57). I think that Wesley Smith stated it best when he said, â€Å"We all age. We fall ill. We grow weak. We become disabled. A day comes when our need to receive from our fellows adds to far more than our ability to give in return. When we reach that stage of life†¦will we still be deemed persons entitled to equal protection under the law?† I certainly hope so. When I get old I want to have the right to choose to end my life. I want my rights that were guaranteed to me in the United States Constitution about my personal freedom. I would like to be able to do what I please without the government running my life. I thought that happens to be what a capitalism government is all about. Being to do what you want, when you want to, without some official questioning your sanity. You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on Euthanasia topics at our professional custom essay writing service which provides students with custom papers written by highly qualified academic writers. High quality and no plagiarism guarantee! Get professional essay writing help at an affordable cost.

Word Choice in English Composition and Literature

Word Choice in English Composition and Literature The words a writer chooses are the building materials from which he or she constructs any given piece of writing- from a poem to a speech to a thesis on thermonuclear dynamics. Strong, carefully chosen words (also known as diction) ensure that the finished work is cohesive and imparts the meaning or information the author intended. Weak word choice creates confusion and dooms a writers work either to fall short of expectations or fail to make its point entirely. Factors That Influence Good Word Choice When selecting words to achieve the maximum desired effect, a writer must take a number of factors into consideration: Meaning: Words can be chosen for either their denotative meaning, which is the definition youd find in a dictionary or the connotative meaning, which is the emotions, circumstances, or descriptive variations the word evokes.Specificity: Words that are concrete rather than abstract are more powerful in certain types of writing, specifically academic works and works of nonfiction. However, abstract words can be powerful tools when creating poetry, fiction, or persuasive rhetoric.Audience: Whether the writer seeks to engage, amuse, entertain, inform, or even incite anger, the audience is the person or persons for whom a piece of work is intended.Level of Diction: The level of diction an author chooses directly relates to the intended audience. Diction is classified into four levels of language: Formal which denotes serious  discourseInformal which denotes relaxed but polite conversationColloquial which denotes language in everyday usageSlang which denotes new, often highly informal words and phrases that evolve as a result sociolinguistic constructs such as age, class, wealth status, ethnicity, nationality, and regional dialects. Tone: Tone is an authors attitude toward a topic. When employed effectively, tone- be it contempt, awe, agreement, or outrage- is a powerful tool that writers use to achieve a desired goal or purpose.Style: Word choice is an essential  element in the style of any writer. While his or her audience may play a role in the stylistic choices a writer makes, style is the unique voice that sets one writer apart from another. The Appropriate Words for a Given Audience To be effective, a writer must choose words based on a number of factors that relate directly to the audience for whom a piece of work is intended. For example, the language chosen for a dissertation on advanced algebra would not only contain jargon specific to that field of study; the writer would also have the expectation that the intended reader possessed an advanced level of understanding in the given subject matter that at a minimum equaled, or potentially outpaced his or her own. On the other hand, an author writing a childrens book would choose age-appropriate words that kids could understand and relate to. Likewise, while a contemporary playwright is likely to use slang and colloquialism to connect with the audience, an art historian would likely use more formal language to describe a piece of work about which he or she is writing, especially if the intended audience is a peer or academic group. Choosing words that are too difficult, too technical, or too easy for your receiver can be a communication barrier. If words are too difficult or too technical, the receiver may not understand them; if words are too simple, the reader could become bored or be insulted. In either case, ​the message falls short of meeting its goals . . . Word choice is  also a consideration when communicating with receivers for whom English is not the primary language [who] may not be familiar with colloquial English. (From Business Communication, 8th Edition, by A.C. Krizan, Patricia Merrier, Joyce P. Logan, and Karen Williams. South-Western Cengage, 2011) Word Selection for Composition Word choice is an essential element for any student learning to write effectively. Appropriate word choice allows students to display their knowledge, not just about English, but with regard to any given field of study from science and mathematics to civics and history. Fast Facts: Six Principles of Word Choice for Composition Choose understandable words.Use specific, precise words.Choose strong words.Emphasize positive words.Avoid overused words.Avoid obsolete words.(Adapted from Business Communication, 8th Edition, by A.C. Krizan, Patricia Merrier, Joyce P. Logan, and Karen Williams. South-Western Cengage, 2011) The challenge for teachers of composition is to help students understand the reasoning behind the specific word choices theyve made and then letting the students know whether or not those choices work. Simply telling a student something doesnt make sense or is awkwardly phrased wont help that student become a better writer. If a students word choice is weak, inaccurate, or clichà ©d, a good teacher will not only explain how they went wrong but ask the student to rethink his or her choices based on the given feedback. Word Choice for Literature Arguably, choosing effective words when writing literature is more complicated than choosing words for composition writing. First, a writer must consider the constraints for the chosen discipline in which they are writing. Since literary pursuits as such as poetry and fiction can be broken down into an almost endless variety of niches, genres, and subgenres, this alone can be daunting. In addition, writers must also be able to distinguish themselves from other writers by selecting a vocabulary that creates and sustains a style that is authentic to their own voice. When writing for a literary audience, individual taste is yet another huge determining factor with regard to which writer a reader considers a good and who they may find intolerable. Thats because good is subjective. For example, William Faulker and Ernest Hemmingway were both considered giants of 20th-century American literature, and yet their styles of writing could not be more different. Someone who adores Faulkners languorous stream-of-consciousness style may disdain Hemmingways spare, staccato, unembellished prose, and vice versa.

Four SARA model components Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Four SARA model components - Assignment Example 1.A. The least important of the four components would be the assessment, at least when looking at the complete picture within a timeframe aspect. Assessment is a more leisurely review of the whole aspect and seeing what the problems were and how the development for a solution was made, based on specific criteria, and then how the response was conducted. The assessment is a research study of the whole process of SARA conducted on a problem, or set of problems and is done after the fact. While each section of SARA is important, in terms of level of importance, assessment is the last level of action and importance, in comparison to the other three levels (SARA 2013). 2. Two community problems in New York are hate crimes, particularly in regards to Lesbian-Gay issues, and Juvenile crime which includes vandalism and also drug-related issues. Issues of LGBT have arisen in light of some of the recent new rulings in the judicial system regarding the rights being given to gay couples in marri age and in adopting children as well. A man was recently stalked on the streets of Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan and then shot by a man who was shouting anti-gay slurs. The victim was taken to the hospital where he was pronounced dead while the shooter was arrested and charged with second-degree murder (Margolin 2013). The pivotal changes in a social context have created a number of emotional responses between different groups, with the murder being one of the more visibly violent ones. These problems in hate crimes have not been reported or tracked as often right now, mainly because they are not reported very often. Yet, hate crimes are also reflective of a growing issue which is also nationwide. This includes hate crimes against Muslims as well. For juvenile crimes, which also lead into early adulthood ranges, issues of robbery and drug crimes have plagued some neighborhoods, causing the police to begin aggressive measures of monitoring known juveniles on a regular basis in order to keep juveniles from committing crimes in the first place. This also gives those who could potentially commit crimes, more visible, and as a consequence, make them less attractive to their peers who do not want to be part of the monitoring system (Ruderman 2013). 3. Both crimes of hate and also juvenile crimes, while definite problems in New York City and its boroughs, is also indicative of many other cities across the nation. They are of issue in New York City however, because of the close proximity of the population to each other. New York City has a large population in relationship to its geographical size and also has one of the largest police departments in the United States (Ruderman 2013; Margolin 2013; Cordner & Scarborough 2010). 3.A. Those who perpetuate the hate crimes have no particular face other than that they hate those who conduct same sex partnerships and see those people as unmoral or deviants. In cases where there is a hate crime against Muslims, the issu e is about the threats of terrorism which people see as a problem with all Muslims. They also see Islam as a violent religion (AP News 2013). Juveniles are the cause of most petty theft crimes, home robberies and also drug-related crimes, mainly because they may have less opportunities socially and do not have jobs to keep them off the streets, particularly in times where getting a job is pretty difficult (Shelden

Postmodernism and Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Postmodernism and Theory - Essay Example The essay "Postmodernism and Theory" explores the movement of Postmodernism. To a large degree, postmodernism is focused on an examination of reality versus unreality, discovering in the process that there is more blurred areas between the two than there are clear distinctions. These ideas are discussed through several works including Baudrillard, Mulvey and Nochlin.Introducing the idea of the simulation, Baudrillard says that we have come to a place where the false precedes the real. In addition to discovering that the simulation no longer matches the real, Baudrillard says it has gone farther, reducing everything down to miniature and making it hyperreal, something that exists in and of itself, with little to connect it to the original. The real, in this system, has become little more than a series of signs that stand in its place. The danger with simulacra as opposed to representation is that representation starts with the idea of the real within the representation while simulatio n wraps around the representation and calls everything false. Disneyland is used as an example of how the imaginary happy social world contained within its gates as opposed to the isolation of the parking lot masks how the world we believe to be America is just as falsely envisioned. "It is always a question of proving the real by the imaginary; proving truth by scandal; proving the law by transgression; proving work by the strike; proving the system by crisis and capital by revolution†. This same concept is traced.

The Baboons Essay Example for Free

The Baboons Essay The Baboon which belong to ‘Cercopithecidae† from the Old World monkey family. Baboons are found in Africa, south of the Sahara and in the Saudi Arabia desert. Baboons have five subspecies including the hamadryas, the Guinea, the yellow, the chacma, and the olive baboons. ( S.C. Strum. 1987). Baboons are the most widespread primate in Africa. Recognized for their ability to adapt, baboons can be found in a variety of habitats. For example, some have been found semi-desert to rainforest, and from coastal areas to mountains. Their adaptableness also extends to their feeding habits, baboons will eat just about anything. Baboons diet includes a wide variety of plants, which they eat every part: the leaves, the fruit, the buds, the flowers, the roots, the bulbs, the tubers, the seeds, the shoots, the bark and even the sap. As for meat, these resourceful monkeys will eat insects, shellfish, small reptiles and amphibians, rodents, birds, fish, eggs and even young antelope or livestock. Several kinds of baboons live in Africa and southwestern Arabia. These include the Hamadryas baboon, which lives on plains and rocky hills of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and eastern Africa near the Red Sea, and the Chacma baboon, which dwells on rocky regions and open woodlands in southern Africa. Olive baboons inhabit the Kekopey cattle ranch located near the town of Gilgil, Kenya. The central part of the ranch consists of open grassland studded with occasional patches of bushy shrub, scattered thorn bush, and small groves of giant fever trees. (S.C. Strum. 1987)They eat a wide variety of foods including insects, flowers, leaves, fruits of bushes and herbs, and most significant of all, the grass itself. Baboons eat the green blades of grass during the rainy seasons and dig for corms (the underground storage organ of sedge grasses) when the ranch is dry. They can carry food in pouches inside their cheeks. Some of the most vicious predators that the baboon have are the large carnivores such as cheetahs and leopards. The Baboon live mostly on the ground but sleep in such places as trees or cliffs (S.C. Strum. 1987). Throughout Africa baboons achieve some protection from nocturnal predators by sleeping in tall trees or on cliffs. Usually each troop sleeps on a different cliff, but occasionally two troops will share a single sleeping site. In addition to the predators previously mentioned, baboons share their range with antelope as well as other large mammals including zebra, warthog, jackals, and African buffalo (S.C. Strum, D. Lindburg, and D. Hamburg 1999). Primates have a number of characteristic physical features, but not every primate has each of these features. Nearly all kinds of primates, including baboons can grasp objects with their hands and feet. They have nails, rather than claws, on at least some of their fingers and toes. Vision is probably a primates most important sense. Most primates have well-developed eyesight and stereoscopic vision (the ability to judge depth). The eyes are on the front rather than the sides of the head. Other primate features include similar skeletal and dental structures(S.C. Strum, D. Lindburg, and D. Hamburg 1999).The physical features of primates are basically suited for a tree-dwelling life. For example, the ability to grasp objects helps in climbing and traveling through trees. â€Å"Just about all baboons have cheek pouches, enabling them to eat and run. Baboon ears and faces are naked. A baboon has a large head and long, sharp canine teeth, and a muzzle much like that of a dog. A baboons arms are about as long as its legs. Some baboons have short, stumpy tails, but others have tails more than 2 feet long. Male baboons are much larger than the females and have longer canine teeth. Some female baboons weigh as little as 24 pounds. A male baboon may weigh 90 pounds. Body lengths range between 50-60cm. and heavier, with the olive and yellow being the largest†. (Cheney L, Dorothy. Seyearth M, Robert. 2007) Baboons fur is dense and their coloring slightly varies, though most coats contain gray or brown. Olive baboons have a greenish olive coat; yellow baboons are yellowish brown; guinea baboons are reddish brown; chacmas range from yellowish gray to almost black (S.C. Strum. 1987). Baboons are sexually dimorphic in size and appearance, with males being larger, often twice as large, and having a more distinctive appearance. Males often have manes and capes of hair around their shoulders. This is especially pronounced in the hamadryads subspecies. This added coat enhances the males’ appearance, making them seem even larger (S.C. Strum. 1987). Baboons can adapt their behavior to many different kinds of environment without having to change much of their basic anatomy. (Stewart, Melissa, 2002) Olive baboons live in medium to large groups with multiple males and females. The group functions as a cohesive unit organized around a core of related females. Females usually remain in their natal groups throughout their lives, while males transfer to other groups at around the time of sexual maturity. (Stewart, Melissa, 2002) Females maintain close bonds with maternal relatives. Adult females form linear dominance hierarchies, which remain relatively stable for considerable lengths of time. Relationships among males are usually more aggressive than those among females, perhaps because most males in a group are unrelated and because male reproductive success is largely determined by competition for females. (Stewart, Melissa, 2002) The outcome of male competition is a dominance hierarchy, determined by fighting ability, age and size. Humans made a major impact on the environment of the baboons of the Kekopey cattle ranch. In 1978, the ranch was sold to an agricultural cooperative and humans started planting crops. From the baboons point of view, the newly planted maize and beans were simply additional food resources for them to exploit in their traditional home. We knew that crop raiding was a new behavior for baboons. The baboons didnt need the crops to survive. The crops represent a very large and very high-quality food compared to grass blades, roots of herbs, small berries and other items in a baboons natural diet. Farmers tried to put up fences to keep the baboons away from the crops. The farmers quickly realize that the fences were no barrier to animals that can jump, climb, dig and pull apart; even electric fences can be outsmarted.

INFLUENZA Essay -- essays research papers

INFLUENZA   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A virus called an Orthomyxovirus causes influenza. Often called flu, sometimes-even grippe. It is a very contagious disease, and it infects many parts of our bodies. This also includes are lungs. A person can get influenza if someone coughs, sneezes, or even talks around you while they are infected. Influenza is sometimes considered serious in some cases but can be prevented and treated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When you get the â€Å"flu† in the lungs, the lining of the respiratory tract is damaged by becoming swollen and inflamed. But the damage is not always permanent, and tissue heals within a couple of weeks. It is a respiratory disease, even though it infects the whole body.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The victims’ symptoms usually are fever, chills, weakness, loss of appetite and body, head, back, arm, and leg ache. If you have the disease you may also suffer sore throat, a dry cough, nausea, and burning red eyes. Usually the victim will have nasal congestion and mucus discharge. The fever can reach to about 104*F but it only lasts about 2-3 days then it recedes. Occasionally in more severe cases there will also be gastrointestinal upset. In short, after all these horrible symptoms the patient still feels exhausted a series of days after the flu is gone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Healthy people have nothing to worry about really when it comes to influenza. It is a moderately severe illness and people are usually back on...

Academic Reading and Writing

CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032: ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING Learning Unit 2: READING SKILLS By the end of this session, you should be able to: identify what the writer has stated literally (read the lines) infer what the writer has stated (read between the lines) apply ideas within the text to what you already know (read beyond the lines) A. Reading Academic Texts Academic texts are relatively formal in structure and style. They might be textbooks or just straightforward texts.To increase the amount of information that you can extract from a single reading of a section, chapter or article in an academic text, you need to use efficient academic reading strategies. Some of the skills which are essential in academic reading are skimming and scanning for specific information or details, making inferences based on what is stated and applying ideas with the text to what you already know. B. Identifying Specific Information To identify specific information, you should begin b y scanning the topic sentences (i. e. he sentence which makes the point of the paragraph and which is usually the first sentence of the paragraph). Locating the topic sentence helps you to stay focus on finding the needed information. Task 1 Read the following passage and provide the most appropriate answers for the corresponding questions. Social Influence 1 Of the many influences on human behaviour, social influences are the most constant. When we hear the term social influence, most of us think of attempts of someone to persuade us to change our actions or opinions. The television usually comes to mind.However, the major influence on people is people’s presence. Many of the most important forms of social influence are unintentional and the effects we humans have on one another occur due to the fact that we are in each other’s physical presence. In 1898, a psychologist named Triplett made an interesting study. In checking the speed records of bicycle racers, he notic ed that better speed records were obtained when cyclists raced against each other than when they raced against the clock. This observation led Triplett to perform another experiment. He asked children to turn a wheel as fast as possible for a certain period of time.Sometimes two children worked at the same time in the same room, each with his wheel; at other times, they worked alone. The results confirmed his theory that children worked faster in co-action, which is when another child doing the same thing was present. Therefore, the experiments proved that humans perform significantly better with the presence of another person when doing a task. 2 ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 48 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032: ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING 3 Soon after Triplett’s experiments, it was discovered that the presence of a passive spectator was enough to improve one’s performance.This was discovered in an experiment on muscular effort by Meumann in 1910, who found that subjects lifted a weight faster whenever the psychologist was in the room. Later experiments have confirmed this audience effect that provides several contributions to humans. Firstly, it helps to motivate a person to perform better. Secondly, it drives a person to break the psychological barrier. This is apparent in sport competitions in which crowds have a great effect on athletes’ performance, and it is normally referred to as home-ground advantage. For example, footballers tend to win more matches hen playing in front of their own fans. It appears that co-action and audience effects in humans are caused by the individual’s cognitive concerns about competition and the evaluation of performance that others will make. We learn as we grow up that others praise or criticize, reward or punish our performances, and this raises our drive level when we perform in front of others. Thus, even the early studies of co-action found that if all elements of competition are removed, co-action effects are reduced or eliminated. Similarly, audience effects are a function of a person’s interpretation of how much he is being evaluated. adapted from Simon, 2010) 4 1. Based on the information provided in paragraph 1, what is the main influence in changing a person’s behaviour and views? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2. What does the underlined phrase â€Å"comes to mind† in paragraph 1 mean? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 3. According to the passage, what was the result of Triplett’s two co-action experiments in 1898? ___________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Briefly explain TWO (2) reasons that caused the existence of co-action and audience effects in humans. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 49 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032: ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING C. Making Inferences Writers often tell you more than they say directly. They give you hints or clues that help you â€Å"read between the lines†.Using these clues to give you a deeper understanding of your reading is called inferring. When you infer, you go beyond the surface details to see other meanings that the details suggest or imply (not stated). Task 2 Warming-Up: Try to infer the possible message of the following cartoons. Discuss the messages with your peers and explain why your message is acceptable. Possible message: ______________________________ ______________________________ Possible message: ______________________________ ______________________________ ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READ ING-SKILLS 50 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMASPBI 1032: ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING Task 3 Making Inferences: Read the short excerpts taken from several academic articles and answer the questions given. Excerpt 1 During the recession of the mid-1980s, there was an increase in graduate unemployment in Malaysia. With the recovery of the economy towards the end of the 1980s, graduate unemployment was slightly reduced thanks to government’s effort to create more jobs. However, graduate unemployment that existed during the 1998 currency crisis still persists until today as many companies were forced to merge and lay off workers.It has been reported that the number of unemployed graduates had increased from 45,000 in 2000 to 85,000 in 2005 (Sim, 2006). What is the main cause of the increasing rate of graduate unemployment in Malaysia? A. Limited job opportunities due to economic instability. B. Currency crisis in 1998 reduced salary of many jobs. C. Lack of efforts by the gover nment to improve the economy. D. The impact of the global economic recession in the mid-1980s. Excerpt 2 Students are required to take English exam as a compulsory requirement for entrance to public university.MUET (Malaysian undergraduate English Test) result for new entry student for the 2007/8 intake at one public university which can be considered as a typical sample for other public universities indicated that most students scored below the satisfactory level in English competency. From the population of 2916 new students’ intake at this public university, about 72. 7% has a score of Bands 1, 2 and 3. This is because all they need is to get the MUET certificate regardless of their Bands (Mohini, 2008). Why did many students still score below the satisfactory level though MUET is a compulsory entrance requirement?A. Students lack initiatives to improve their English. B. English is often taken for granted since it is accepted as unimportant. C. Majority of the programmes a t university does not have a minimum Band requirement. D. A high MUET band is not a necessity for university entrance. Excerpt 3 It is all too apparent in this study that many students, often very good students, suffer needlessly when doing group assignments. While some academics might claim that it is good to let students face problems arising from group work, it is pointless having them to face problems that they will not see in the workplace.Simply making students do assignments together is not preparing them for team work in industry. It is not simulating â€Å"real life in industry†. It causes stress to many students and gives them grades they do not deserve, especially when the better ones are penalized for the lack of efforts by others (Ford & Maurice, 2011). Why do good students suffer from doing group assignments? A. Group assignments reduce lecturers’ marking load. B. Group assignments do not relate to their future work life. C. Group assignments’ grad es do not reflect their actual ability.D. Group assignments help them manage problems when working together. ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 51 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032: ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING D. Reading Practice Task 3 Read the passage below and choose the best answers (A, B, C or D) for the questions that follow Break Your Bad Habits By Amy Novotney As an undergraduate student, you probably got A's despite less-than-ideal study habits: reading in front of the television, staying up all night cramming, checking e-mail every 10 minutes while working on a paper.These behaviors may have cut it in college, but graduate school calls for a better set of strategies, says University of Virginia psychology professor Daniel Willingham, PhD. According to psychology faculty and other experts, here are the top five habits that hold graduate students back: 1. Highlighting. Dog-earing pages and highlighting journal article passages are popular but worthless exercises wh en it comes to helping you remember information later on, Willingham says. That's because they don't require students to engage with the material.Instead, he suggests students find a more active strategy that forces them to think about the meaning of what they're reading. This might be something as simple as taking notes on important points, outlining how journal articles fit together or spending a moment after reading a paragraph to reflect on how it fits into a piece's bigger picture. In a study by Pintrich and De Groot (1990), students who asked themselves â€Å"why? † at the end of each sentence while reading a factual passage about a university were significantly more likely to remember important points than students who were simply told to read the passage and remember it. . Cramming for exams. When you pull an all-nighter, your memories of the concepts you’re studying becomes associated with a particular time and environment, making them harder to retrieve, says Willingham. That's bad news for crammers, as most tests aren't handed out at 2 a. m. There are several reasons why distributing your studying throughout the semester is more long-lasting. One is that your brain doesn't make that association because the knowledge is cued and retrieved at many different points over time.Willingham's claims are backed up by Webb and Sheeran’s (2006) meta-analysis of 317 experiments examining the spacing of student study periods. The authors found that when participants studied at two different points in time, they recalled a greater percentage of the material than when the same amount of study time was nearly uninterrupted. 5 10 15 20 25 30 ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 52 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032: ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING 3. Unhealthy eating. With both time and money in short supply, graduate students often skip lunch when rushing to class or hit the vending machine for a late-night snack.Yet the high-fat, empty-calo rie foods they often choose don't provide the energy needed to work effectively, and can also take a toll on the brain. A study by Manos (1999) linked memory loss to a diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol. And a 2008 meta-analysis of 160 studies examining food's effect on the brain showed that omega-3 fatty acids, which are found in salmon, walnuts and kiwi fruit, improve learning and memory (Hillman & Erickson, 1999). 4. Multitasking. Many students pride themselves on their ability to attend to several tasks at once, but multitasking undermines efficiency, according to a study by Miller (2006).It takes extra time to shift mental gears every time you switch tasks—that means when you sit down to work, close your e-mail program so it doesn't distract you. â€Å"If you ask any graduate student what they do first when they sit down to study, 99 percent say they check their e-mail, and then the next thing you know, an hour has gone by,† Miller says. When you're studyi ng, you may even need to disable your Internet connection and turn off your cell phone, she says. 5. Assuming you remember what you've read.According to a Pickering and Ferreira’s (2006) meta-analysis of 30 years of research, we aren't very good at assessing how well we understand something. You may feel well-versed in the social psychology theories you learned in class after reading over your notes several times, but familiarity doesn't mean you'll be able to recall the material for a test, Willingham says. To gauge whether you've studied enough, explain the material to someone else or create a test for yourself, he says. â€Å"Quizzing one another is the No. 1 thing I recommend to students,† Willingham says. It's a much more realistic assessment of what you know because it forces you to get inside the professor's head and think about what they are likely to ask about the material. † (adapted from Novotney, 2009) 35 40 45 50 55 60 For Questions 1-5, choose a wor d/phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word as used in the text. 1. Dog-earing pages †¦ (line 9) A. m a r kin g wit h book m a r ks B. dr a win g pict u r es on pages C. foldin g t h e cor n er s of pa ges D. wr it in g down n ot es on t h e side 2. †¦ making them harder to retrieve (line 24) A. or ga n ise B. pr ocess C. r eca ll D. t im u la t e ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 53 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032: ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING 3. †¦ can also take a toll on the brain (line 38) A. ch a r ge B. disast er C. ba d effect D. lou d r in gin g 4. It takes extra time to shift mental gears †¦ (line 45) A. speed up wor k B. slow down t h inkin g C. t h in k a t a n a lyt ica l level D. ch a n ge focu s of concen t r a t ion 5. You may feel well-versed in †¦ (line 54) A. com pet en t B. en t h u siast ic C. h a bit u a l D. r em em ber For Questions 6-15, choose the most appropriate answers based on your reading. . Which of t he following is an ideal study habit for undergraduate students? A. Studying while watching television. B. Studying into the wee hours of the morning. C. Interacting in emails while doing an assignment. D. Searching the internet for information on assignments. 7. Which sentence contains the main idea for the paragraph on highlighting? A. Dog-earing pages and highlighting journal article passages are popular but worthless exercises when it comes to helping you remember information later on, Willingham says B. That's because they don't require students to engage with the material. C.Instead, he suggests students find a more active strategy that forces them to think about the meaning of what they're reading D. This might be something as simple as taking notes on important points, outlining how journal articles fit together or spending a moment after reading a paragraph to reflect on how it fits into a piece's bigger picture. 8. According to the paragraph 2, why are crammers unable to r emember what they studied the night before? A. Memory is better at night but tests are usually not conducted at night. B. People usually lose their concentration if they study in one long sitting. C.What is studied is stored in the memory as a single episode and is not easily recalled. D. The amount of time spent studying in one night is less than that for a whole semester. ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 54 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032: ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING 9. Why do students end up with unhealthy eating habits that affect their memory and learning? A. Food stalls are not open at night. B. They are busy and short of money. C. High-fat, empty-calorie food is tasty. D. They have lectures during lunch hour. 10. What food should students avoid if they want to improve their memory and learning?A. Fish. B. Fries. C. Fruits. D. Nuts. 11. What is the main idea for the paragraph on multitasking? A. Multitasking is an ability to be proud of. B. Multitasking is not an efficient way to study. C. Checking email should not be part of multitasking. D. Internet connection is a distractor when multitasking. 12. What is the author not saying in paragraph on multitasking? A. Students should do the less mentally taxing tasks first. B. It is better to finish one task first before starting another. C. Email, internet connection and cell phones are distractive. D. To save time, graduate students should not check their email. 3. Why do students often assume they remember what they have read? A. They are familiar with it. B. They have copied the notes. C. They have attended the lecture. D. They can explain it to someone. 14. According to Willingham, which is the best way to assess how well we understand something? A. See whether we can recall the information in the lecture. B. Find out whether we can do the test given by the lecturer. C. Ask each other questions on the information in the lecture. D. Set a test on the lecture and answer the questions ourselves . 15. Which text? A. B. C. D. f the following less-than-ideal study habits is not an idea found in the Eating at irregular hours. Doing last-minute studying. Reading articles superficially. Doing many things at one time. ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 55 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032: ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING Task 4 Read the passage below and choose the best answers (A, B, C or D) for the questions that follow. The Record-breaking Book 1 The biggest house of cards, the longest tongue, and of course, the tallest man: these are among the thousands of records logged in the famous Guinness Book of Records.Created in 1955 after a debate concerning Europe's fastest game bird, what began as a marketing tool sold to pub landlords to promote Guinness, an Irish drink, became one of the bestselling copyright titles of all time. In time, the book have sold 120 million copies in over 100 countries, quite a leap from its humble beginnings. 2 In its early years, the book aims to satisfy man's curiosity about the natural world around him. Its two principal fact finders, twins Norris and Ross McWhirter, travelled the globe to collect facts.It was their task to find and document aspects of life that can be sensed or observed, things that can be quantified or measured. But not just any things. They were only interested in superlatives: the biggest and the best. It was during this period that some of the hallmark Guinness Records were documented, answering such questions as â€Å"What is the brightest star? † and â€Å"What is the biggest spider? † 3 Once aware of the public's thirst for such knowledge, the book's authors began to branch out to cover little-known facts. They started documenting human achievements as well.A forerunner for reality television, the Guinness Book gave people a chance to become famous for accomplishing extraordinary and often pointless tasks. Records were set in 1955 for consuming 24 raw eggs in 14 minutes and in 1981 for the fastest solving of a Rubik's Cube (which took a mere 38 seconds). In 1979, a man yodelled non-stop for ten and a quarter hours. 4 In its latest form, the book has found a new home on the internet. No longer restricted to the physical paper, the Guinness World Records website contains seemingly infinite facts concerning such topics as the most powerful combustion engine, or the world's longest train.More and more facts and achievements are added. While there is no denying that each of these facts has its individual attraction, the increasing number of strange achievements represents an important change from the education-oriented facts of earlier editions. It seems Guinness World Records has changed its focus to cater to the audience that wants entertainment more than educational values. 5 Originating as a simple bar book, the Guinness Book of Records has changed over decades to provide insight into the full variety of modern life.Although one may be more likely to learn abo ut the widest human mouth than the highest number of casualties in a Civil War, the Guinness World Records website offers a peek into the future of fact-finding and record-documenting. (adapted from Michael & Timothy, 2012) ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 56 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032: ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING 1. What caused the introduction of Guinness Book of Records in 1955? A. The search for bestselling titles. B. The debate by several pub landlords. C. The marketing tool to promote Guinness. D. The arguments on the Europe's fastest game bird.What was the main purpose of Guinness Book of Records in its early years? A. To document various life happenings B. To let the fact finders do the superlatives. C. To fulfil the curiosity within each human being. D. To travel around the world and find unbelievable facts. As used in paragraph 2, which is the best definition for â€Å"principal†? A. main B. belief C. senior D. original How did the Guinness Book r eality television show give people a chance to become famous? A. By accomplishing a task within a given time. B. By showing off their eating and singing habits. C. By presenting their skills in front of the audience. D.By performing strange and usually pointless tasks. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is the primary benefit of making Guinness World Records available online? A. It is more environmental friendly. B. It helps to save the cost of printing the book. C. The book can be sold to a larger number of readers. D. More facts can be added without the restriction of the paper. According to the author, the major difference between older editions of the Guinness Book of Records and the new Guinness World Records website involves A. a move from fact-finding to the recording of achievements B. a change in focus from educational to entertaining material C. departure from book sales being limited to local pubs and bars D. an end to the use of educational facts as a means to promote Guinness Why does Gu inness World Records include more strange achievements? A. It adds entertainment values to the records. B. It allows more people to achieve the impossible. C. More people were capable of doing weird things. D. The education-oriented facts are very hard to find. 6. 7. ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 57 CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS PBI 1032: ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING 8. As used in paragraph 4, which is the best definition for â€Å"infinite†?A. certain B. excellent C. unlimited D. very little Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. The reality television show for Guinness Book of Records was a failure. B. The title for the Guinness Book of Records was derived from an Irish bird. C. Norris and Ross McWhirter were the first fact-finders for Guinness Book of Records. D. Changes to Guinness Book of Records are expected in the future since many people dislike reading silly records. What does the author imply by â€Å"Guinness World Records website offers a peek int o the future of fact-finding and record-documenting† (paragraph 5)?A. Guinness World Records website will continue to be more entertainmentbased. B. Finding facts on various records to fit into the website would be harder in the future. C. The need for Guinness World Records website to be maintained for future generations. D. The Guinness World Records website may not be visited in the future since it has excluded educational facts. 9. 10. IMPORTANT NOTE: In the final exam, the reading section will only include multiple-choice questions (MCQ) ARW-SEM2-2013-LU2-READING-SKILLS 58

Form Follows Profit

001.png"/>Many people don’t gain how difficult it can be to plan something. Particularly constructing, this is why architect’s occupation isn’t easy. The massing and overall design of the edifice is influenced by figure of different factors and how of import they are differs for each design. I would wish to foreground the most of import 1s, and highlight which one of them cross mention rather frequently.As Richard Rogers said â€Å"signifier follows net income, and this is aesthetic rule of our times† , unluckily this is chief factor impacting the design and all the other procedures in architecture. Although it’s non the lone 1. Other illustration is frequently on the really beginning of the undertaking – the site. Size constellation, topography this has immense impact on design. Sometimes we can alter somewhat topography, but site form would be more of an issue. Often in utmost instances this becomes the plus of finalised undertaking, like i t happened in Tokyo undertaking â€Å"A life with big opening† frequently called â€Å"gap house† designed by ONDESIGN.Following factor is frequently one of the most influential in good and besides in the bad manner. These are and include figure of people, get downing from client all the manner to vicinity, which sometimes influences the design. Probably one of most of import stakeholders is user/client, they frequently provide driving force for the design. As they may be personally involved in procedure of design and so building. Possibly the best illustration of this could be STAMP HOUSEdesigned by Charles Wright Architects. This undertaking in was directed and influence by assorted factor of which the most ambitious was client, that desired C impersonal, off-grid architectural statement that would be: â€Å"new face of tropical architecture† . Efficaciously this peculiar undertaking was as extremely influenced by client’s debut of environmental design. Final design was to minimalize impact on environment ( as client requested ) , so that ecosystem around it would non be affected. Therefore architect’s had to work really closely with experts and assorted administrations. Efficaciously this lead to zero C undertaking that is flat 5 cyclone cogent evidence and hence classed as a cyclone shelter, to boot it’s inundation cogent evidence and wouldn’t suffer from any natural catastrophe as it uses on sight solar panels and rain H2O collected in 25000 liters armored combat vehicle that is besides located on the site. Another really influential stakeholders are neighbours and community groups. They frequently consequence non merely design but besides whether edifice will be completed or non. Good illustration could be found in Manchester where populace waspicketing building of new Manchester Metropolitan University campus edifice, the site chosen by MMU has antecedently been picketed by same group of people and that w as likely what caused investing to neglect. This clip it was different partly due to professional mode of architect’s, MMU and local authorities. Although as many people claim the chief function in this instance was played by another influential and sometimes criticalfactor – economic position. As the economic crisis emerged rate of investing started drastically falling down, MMU used this fact to derive planning permission for Birley Fields proposal and convince governments and occupants. This merely reinforces and relates back to celebrated Rogers quotation mark â€Å"Form follows net income, is the aesthetic rule of our times† . This briefly mentioned local authorities as they are stakeholder stand foring local and public involvements. They are frequently chief organic structure that appoints people to guarantee, that edifice at it concluding phase is safe to utilize. Which evidently needs to be considered and included during design phase. Unfortunately non e verything could be predictedlike 9/11 terrorist onslaught. Although authorities and interior decorators with applied scientists do their really best to forestall similar catastrophes from go oning. Thisincludes meeting and exciding edifice ordinances, fireordinances and many more. These besides comparatively strongly influences the design. Number of people work to do certain edifice is safe the most of import and influential of which is applied scientist or squad of applied scientists. They do all the difficult computations, and this is what they have done in instance of WTC. Architects and applied scientists jointly admitted that they designed World Trade Center to defy air plane hit. Although it was impossible foredifice to manage this with so intense fire inside it. This leads me to another factor that strongly influences design that makes it possibleand functional. Even greatest edifice on the Earth without sufficient services and construction to back up it– is a catastro phe. This is why applied scientist and sometimes M & A ; E engineer consequence design. Often particularly in large undertakings architect and structural applied scientist work in coaction to make concluding design. This is development from the sentence said by Louis Sullivan about his new Wainwright Building – â€Å"form follows function† . Even if designer and applied scientist work near together they are frequently limited by building methods and procedures, like it about happened with Beetham Tower in Manchester. The design caused a batch of difference on how and whether it would be possible to safely build four-metre cantilever which is definite land grade in Manchester’s skyline. Frank Lloyd Wright found similar job when he proposed Mile High Illinois which was proposed in 1956 and ne'er been built, merely because building methods wouldn’t allow it so and perchance even now it could be disputing to build this proposed edifice. Although this sho uldn’t be a ground non to plan it there are figure of undertakings that has been designed and either non construct or changed during building because this coordination between designer and applied scientist wasn’t successful. Similar cooperation would be good between M & A ; E applied scientist and designers. Although services that M & A ; E is taking attention of frequently are non of peculiarly of import at the design phase and hence sometimes they tend to be pushed to blank box where they should be placed or they non even included at all. Unfortunately this is frequently non adequate topographic point and extremelyeffects aesthetics of inside. This wasn’t instance in Pompidou Centre in Paris where all the services are on the external facade and therefore services engineer strongly effected or really created the visual aspect of this edifice. This advanced design created really industrial visual aspect, besides its good topographic point to gain how many services and work goes into parts of edifice that are normally hidden. Possibly concealing all this causes people to believe anyone can construct a edifice and name itarchitecture – and this is wrong. Another act uponing factor is decidedly sustainability. This factor is more and more frequently mentioned in client’s demands as its good for PR. Although due to planetary heating and heat island consequence more and more government’s and governments include some signifier of sustainability in their edifice ordinances. And hence it’s decidedly outside of architect’s influence. Although sometimes this every bit good as other limitations allow great designs to be created and to emerge, likewise like it was with Pompidou Centre with services, they allowed it to be great edifice. Often sustainability of the edifice doesn’t cause immense consequence on the design, although it has to be considered from the start. Another strongly influential fac tor that I would wish to advert is clip. As we know ‘time is money’ this is what Benjamin Franklin said, and it’s still valid. Different people need speedy design for figure of different grounds. No affair of ground this influences the design. It may be that because designer demand to complete design really rapidly and he can’t polish all the. It could be that person works truly good under force per unit area and hence concluding design may come out brightly. In most instances where clip is of import factor client decide to utilize unconventional edifice procedure called ‘Design and Build’ this means that building starts every bit shortly as architect creates rough form. That causes that some of the inside informations can’t be changed as they may already been built. This isn’t something new, it’s go oning for long clip, one of best illustrations is Sagrada Familia in Barcelona, this Roman Catholic basilica designed by des igner Antoni Gaudi , building started in 1882, this is 122 old ages ago, and it’s still nonfinished. This wouldn’t be possible without this building method, and hopefully if finished in 2028 as current estimations show it would be decidedly one of the longest building processes in the history. As seeable on exposure above it’s non surprising, because as its being build, the attending to the inside informations and the beauty of building is at the highest possible degree. Other influential factor that in my sentiment is cardinal is the map. The function of designer is to happen the solution for many, sometimes really difficult jobs. This is what in my sentiment defines good designer. It’s non merely how ‘pretty’ the edifice is, or how tall, it’s about how good architect or even designer thought about possible issues and how he solved it. Otherwise edifice is merely – a caducous. Functional but without idea putted into it, althoug ht because â€Å"form follows function† or at least it should, the design supposed to reenforce the map, and decidedly non to travel against it. This is what many people claim that has happened in instance of Vitra Fire Station designed by Zaha Hadid, even though she is great designer, specific to herdesign manner. As many people claim, the sculptural fanciness of interior decorator caused edifice to be non functional as fire station and had to be handed over, and now it’s â€Å"used for exhibitions and events and continues to be one of the high spots on the Vitra Campus in Weil am Rhein.† And I’m non challenging fact that it’s evidently architectural high spot of the country. Although it’s decidedly in its design more suited for exhibition country instead than fire station, because in instance of fire it was difficult for fire engine rapidly go forth, to the extent that some people called it unsafe. And hence I think it’s of import t o make great designs, but non to bury about primary demands of the topographic point, even mill or storage edifices could be architectural statement non merely a edifice.There are many, many more factors that affect architectural designs all over the planet. Some more and other less, it all depends on client, and state of affairs that the edifice is being construct, nevertheless decidedly most of import and most influential is map followed by site, money and the client.Mention:Shoebox home. 23 Oct 2012. House in a Gap. [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //shoeboxdwelling.com/2012/10/23/house-in-a-gap/ [ Accessed: 22 Mar 2014 ] Ondesign. Unknown. A life with big gap. [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ondesign.co.jp/english/works/062/ # workTitle [ Accessed: 22 Mar 2014 ] Oxford Dictionaries. Unknown. Oxford English Dictionary – stakeholder. [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/stakeholder [ Accessed: 22 Mar 2014 ] Charles Wright Architects, Unknown. Stamp house publication. [ Online ] . Available at: ww.wrightarchitects.com.au/projects-2/contact/stamp-house/ [ Accessed: 22 Mar 2014 ] Manchester Evening News, 26 Feb 2011, Revealed: New programs for Manchester Metropolitan University’s new Hulme campus. [ Online ] . Available at: www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news [ Accessed: 22 Mar 2014 ] Manchester Metropolitan University. Unknown. Birley Fields campus publication. [ Online ] . Available at: www.mmu.ac.uk/birleyfields [ Accessed: 22 Mar 2014 ] 9/11 Blogger. 21 Feb 2007. What the World Trade Center Building Designers Said: Before and After 9/11. [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.prisonplanet.com/articles/february2007/210207designers.htm [ Accessed: 22 Mar 2014 ] History, 25 Jan 2001. Unknown. 911 Facts with Hero and Victim – interview with Frank DeMartini. [ Video on-line ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.youtube.com/watch? v=zl1GfcD3KZ0 [ Accessed: 22 Mar 2014 ] World Trade Center. n.d. [ Image online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.photosup.biz/img/world-trade-center-new-york.html [ Accessed: 22 Mar 2014 ] Beetham Tower. n.d. [ Image online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cityadvisor.info/blogPost.advisor? _escaped_fragment_=blogPost= @ 2482 [ Accessed: 22 Mar 2014 ] Wainwright Building. n.d. [ Image online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.essential-architecture.com/STYLE/STY-Sullivanesque.htm [ Accessed: 22 Mar 2014 ] Frank Lloyd Wright ‘s mile-high edifice. n.d. [ Image online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wbez.org/blog/john-r-schmidt/2011-08-25/frank-lloyd-wrights-mile-high-building-90793 [ Accessed: 22 Mar 2014 ] Gagnon, B. 20 Sep 2009. Sagrada Familia 01. [ Image online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: Sagrada_Familia_01.jpg [ Accessed: 22 Mar 2014 ] SBA73. 21 Feb 2011. Sagrada Familia nave roof item. [ Image online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: Sagrada_Familia_nave_roof_detail.jpg [ Accessed: 22 Mar 2014 ] Zaha Hadid. Unknown. Vitra Fire Station Publication. [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.zaha-hadid.com/architecture/vitra-fire-station [ Accessed: 22 Mar 2014 ] Anniina Koivu. 11 Jun 2013. Happy Birthday Fire Station. [ Onilne ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vitra.com/en-gb/magazine/details/184799 [ Accessed: 22 Mar 2014 ] Form follows profit1200921975

Blair Witch Project An Analytical Essay Essays - Fakelore

Blair Witch Project An Analytical Essay Essays - Fakelore Blair Witch Project An Analytical Essay Blair Witch Project An Analytical Essay Anita Maiezza Power of film David Grey December 5, 2000 The Blair Witch Project is a mock documentary on three film students: Heather, Mike and Shaun, who go out and shoot their own documentary on the Blair Witch. This Blair Witch apparently haunts a forest in Burkittsville Maryland and these students are going to find out firsthand if this rumor is true. Unfortunately this rumor turns out to be fact and all three characters are eventually hunted and killed by the Blair witch. The scene which I have chosen to analyze is a short ten second scene near the very end of the movie. In this scene we see a close up of Mike, from a diagonal angle. Mike is rocking back and forth and then yawns. This scene is key point were the viewer realizes that there is no hope for MIke and Heather. The woods are just too vast for these inexperienced students. In this scene, Mike is wearing his backpack that is bigger than him indicating the the burden he has to carry. Besides the burden it can also represent all the pressure he is under at this particular point. The backpack, being larger than he is can be a metaphor for how small and insignificant he is in comparison to the colossal trees around him. The fact that the straps are so big and that they wrap around Mike can show how he is completely engulfed by this pressure, just like he is surrounded by the trees. The backpack and trees completely overpower Mike, causing him to feel helpless and miniscule, like a child. The second image chosen is Mike rocking back and forth, followed by the yawn. In most scenarios children rock themselves when they are nervous. This clearly hints that Mike, an average sound technician is no longer himself but rather someone else who is overtaken by the immensity of the forest. The yawn gives Mike the innocent look that only a child possesses so the viewer is led to think that Mike is a mere child in comparison to the forest. A closer look at Mike exposes his beard, contradicting the childlike innocence, so the element of confusion is a predominant one. (seeing as how Mike and Heather are lost and confused.) The rocking can also depict an autistic person. In this case it is evident that Mike has lost his mind and rocking back and forth will bring him serenity. The trees not only surround Mike in every direction but in this scene they are shot diagonally. This is definitely not natural, normal and not something that a completely sane person would see. Evidently Mike is not sane anymore. His world has been turned upside down. The trees add a sense of confusion and disorientation that Mike, as well as the audience feels. By looking at the trees in the background the viewer has a chance to look into Mikes mind and see the current situation through his eyes. Mike has no sense of judgment left and cannot correctly perceive what is going on around him. From the moment all three characters enter the woods, they are small compared to the immensity of the trees and inexperienced, just like children. They have no power over what is going on and what is going to happen. They, like children do not know where they are going and lose themselves very quickly as the story proceeds. At the end of the movie Mike and Heather go on a very confusing and insane search for their partner Shaun. At the very end Mike and Heather are murdered by the Blair Witch. This witch made Mike face the wall while Heather was being murdered, just like the children . Bibliography blair witch project

Biography of Thomas Jennings, Invented Dry-Cleaning

Biography of Thomas Jennings, Invented Dry-Cleaning Thomas Jennings (1791–Feb. 12, 1856), a free-born African-American and New Yorker who became a leader of the abolitionist movement, made his fortune as the inventor of a dry-cleaning process called â€Å"dry scouring.† Jennings was 30 years old when he received his patent on March 3, 1821 (U.S. patent 3306x), becoming the first African-American inventor to own the rights to his invention. Fast Facts: Thomas Jennings Known For: First African-American to be granted a patentAlso Known As: Thomas L. JenningsBorn: 1791 in  New York CityDied: Feb. 12, 1856 in  New York CitySpouse: ElizabethChildren: Matilda, Elizabeth, James E.Notable Quote: Among the leading matters which would occupy the attention of the meeting, were several important documents lately received from Europe, expressive of the sentiments that a very considerable portion of the people of the British Empire entertained respecting the deplorable situation of the colored people in the United States. Early Life and Career Jennings was born in 1791 in New York City.  He started his career as a tailor and eventually opened one of New York’s leading clothing shops. Inspired by frequent requests for cleaning advice, he began researching cleaning solutions. Jennings found that many of his customers were unhappy when their clothing became soiled. However, because of the material used to make the garments, conventional methods at the time were ineffective in cleaning them. Invents Dry Cleaning Jennings began experimenting with different solutions and cleaning agents. He tested them on various fabrics until he found the right combination to treat and clean them. He called his method â€Å"dry-scouring,† a process now known as dry cleaning. Jennings filed for a patent in 1820 and was granted a patent for the dry-scouring (dry cleaning) process he had invented just a year later.  Tragically, the original patent was lost in a fire. But by then, Jennings process of using solvents to clean clothes was well-known and widely heralded. Jennings spent the first money he earned from his patent on legal fees to buy his family out of slavery. After that, most of his income went to his abolitionist activities. In 1831, Jennings became assistant secretary for the First Annual Convention of the People of Color in Philadelphia. Legal Issues Luckily for Jennings, he filed his patent at the right time. Under the United States patent laws of 1793 and 1836, both slaves and free citizens could patent their inventions. However, in 1857, a slave-owner named Oscar Stuart patented a double cotton scraper that was invented by his slave. Historical records only show the real inventors name as being Ned. Stuarts reasoning for his action was that the master is the owner of the fruits of the labor of the slave both manual and intellectual. In 1858, the U.S. patent office changed its patent regulations in response to a Supreme Court case related to Stuarts patent called Oscar Stuart v. Ned. The court ruled in favor of Stuart, noting that slaves were not citizens and could not be granted patents. But surprisingly, in 1861, the Confederate States of America passed a law granting patent rights to slaves. In 1870, the U.S. government passed a patent law giving all American men including blacks the rights to their inventions. Later Years and Death Jennings daughter, Elizabeth, an activist like her father, was the plaintiff in a landmark lawsuit after being thrown off a New York City streetcar while on the way to church. With support from her father, Elizabeth sued the Third Avenue Railroad Company for discrimination and won her case in 1855. The day after the verdict, the company ordered its cars desegregated. After the incident, Jennings organized a movement against racial segregation in public transit in the city; the services were provided by private companies. The same year, Jennings was one of the founders of the Legal Rights Association, a group that organized challenges to discrimination and segregation and gained legal representation to take cases to court. Jennings died just a few years later in 1859, which was itself just a few years before the practiced he so reviled- slavery- was abolished. Legacy A decade after Elizabeth Jennings won her case, all New York City streetcar companies stopped practicing segregation. Jennings and his daughter had a hand the effort to desegregate public facilities, a movement that lasted well into the Civil Rights Era a century later. Indeed, civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s 1963 I Have a Dream speech in Washington, D.C., echoed many of the convictions that Jennings and his daughter had expressed and fought for 100 years before. And the dry-scouring process Jennings invented is essentially the same method used by dry cleaning businesses worldwide to this day. Sources Chamberlain, Gaius. â€Å"Thomas Jennings.†Ã‚  The Black Inventor Online Museum, Gaius Chamberlain.â€Å"Thomas Jennings.†Ã‚  Ms. Darbus: Well Call It, Senior Year! Sharpay Evans: [Sarcastically] Genius., quotes.net.Volk, Kyle G. Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy. Oxford University Press, New York.

The Building of a Hamiltonian America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Building of a Hamiltonian America - Essay Example Hamilton viewed the country as as an integrated system that needed a strong Federal government and expansive national programs. By 1820, America was still largely rural and had an agricultural based economy. However, 1820 also ushered in the vision of Hamilton's America due to the country's common interests, the industrial revolution, and the close-knit nature of the New America. There was general agreement that using state governments to grant corporate charters was a benefit to the economy and the people. Hamilton had worked for a national banking system since the late 18th century and in 1816 President Madison signed a bill creating the Second National Bank (Nash et al. 261,262, Henretta, Brody and Dumenil 250,251). This was a common interest that was shared by the people in an effort to develop a common form of commerce. The War of 1812 also served to create a common goal across the country. At this point, people were just beginning to view America as a nation. The war had been viewed as a national problem and initiated a surge of postwar nationalism that was followed by a period of "national unification and economic development" (Nash et al 320). The era of national pride and the banking system were two common interests that set the stage for further development. The national banking system and Hamilton's ideas on debt financing had come to be an important part of the industrial revolution. By 1820, Jefferson's view of rural America was beginning to change. There was greater trade and greater productivity. Mechanization had begun to stimulate the economy. Between 1790 and 1820, the average income for Americans rose by 30% (Henretta, Brody, and Dumenil 293). Agriculture was mechanizing and changing the face of the rural South. Though there was still a philosophical split between the North and South, the feelings of nationalism and a strong federal presence were being felt throughout America that was being fueled by the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution and the complexities of a national banking system required that there be close association between the people of the country. This was made possible by improvements in transportation and communication. The national investment in roads had cut travel times between major cities in the East by half by the early 1800s. By 1818, the trip from Cumberland Maryland to Wheeling West Virginia on the Ohio River had been reduced from 8 to 3 days (Nash et al. 321). In addition steamboats were traveling the Mississippi and Ohio taking cargo and passengers around the country. This intermingling of trade and ideas further strengthened Hamilton's picture of America. The people were also brought together by the proliferation of the printed word. In the 1790s fewer than 100 newspapers were published, but this number ballooned to over 1000 by 1830 (Nash et al. 322). The ability to mix trade, thoughts, ideas, and the printed word formed the basis of a strong federal union. In conclusion, both Jefferson and Hamilton have formed today's America. Americans treasure their independence and individual freedom as espoused by Jefferson. American's are also dependent on the strong federal system that promotes unity and cooperation among the states. By 1820 and the establishment of the Second National Bank, America was beginning to look like Hamilton's vision. The nationalistic spirit